Life Cycle of a Medical Device

Question: Describe about the Life Cycle of a Medical Device? Answer: Introduction This assignment consists of an analysis of life cycle of medical devices present in medical market. Life cycle of medical devices means the set of stages of a medical device in its activity cycle. There is a brief discussion on life cycle of medical device and comparison of development of drugs with medical device development (P Constantinides, 2014). Every medical device is different in complexity and application. In this assignment there is an explanation of difference between development cycle of medical device and medical drugs. Life cycle of Medical Device 1. Concept research Concept research is the first phase of life cycle of any medical device. In this step the company will first analyze the medical market. As per the analysis report medical devices are development (Lewis, 2013). The modification or innovation if required in any old medical device company can only do after analyzing the 2. Prototype Design Development Before development of main model prototype or rough model of the device is developed to check whether the device is working properly or not (Fries, 2001). Prototype model of medical device is developed to check working.3. Preclinical development-Pre-clinical development is the stage in which prototype model of device before tested on human being is tested on any other living being so that the defects can be identified and corrected in main model of medical device (El-Haik and Mekki, 2008). 4. Clinical Trials Testing-Clinical trial testing is the fourth stage in life cycle of medical device it is done after the pre clin ical development and pre clinical testing of the device. The main model of the medical device is tested in this step (Fleming and Ma, 2002). The main model which will be launched by company is only tested in this step. 5. FDA Approval Market Launch Food and Drug Administration department after analyzing the above process of medical device give approval to company for launching their device in market (Platero, 2009). FDA main focus is on protecting and promoting the public health with the help rules and regulations. Without approval of FDA no company can launch medical device in the market. Difference between Device development and drug development Device Development Life Cycle Concept Research- This is the initial step in the development life cycle of medical device. In this step company do basic research in medical market to identify the requirement of the market. The device developed by the company should be made as per the requirement of market or hospitals or the clinics. Prototype Design Development- In this step medical device development company initially develop a rough model as per the analysis report. The rough model is developed to check whether the device is suitable in present environment or not. Pre clinical Development- Pre clinical development is the process in which device is developed to test its working and sustainability. Pre clinical development is done to check whether the device is good for long term or not. After development the device has to undergo the test which is done to check whether the device is performing as per the needs or not. Clinical Trials Testing- Clinical trial testing is the process in which main model of the device is tested. The device is tested in this step on the object for which it is developed. This is the trial test so after this if any defects are found in device it has to be corrected. FDA Approval Market Launch- FDA stands for Food and Drug Administration. FDA main responsibility is to maintain the public health in relation to drugs and foods products developed for them. Drug Development Life Cycle The steps involved in Drug development life cycle are as follow: Discovery and research In this step research is done of the drug market so that the requirement can be identified (Rosier, Martens and Thomas, n.d.). Pre clinical Before development of main drugs sample is tested to check the affect and side affect of it (Weinger, Gardner-Bonneau and Wiklund, 2011). Development Testing or Validation- After pre clinical test of the drug development is done and after development is testing is done. Trial Test- Trail test is done to identify the defects after main development of drugs (Willson, Ison and Tabakov, 2013). FDA Approval To market- FDA approval is important for any drug development company for launching any drugs in market. Conclusion The development life cycle of medical device and drugs are different which is discussed above. The main body responsible for launching any device and drug in market is FDA. FDA before launching conduct different test of the device and drugs. References El-Haik, B. and Mekki, K. (2008). Medical Device Design for Six Sigma. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Fleming, E. and Ma, P. (2002). Drug life-cycle technologies. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1(10), pp.751-752. Fries, R. (2001). Handbook of medical device design. New York: M. Dekker. Lewis, J. (2013). Drug-Induced Liver Injury Throughout the Drug Development Life Cycle: Where We Have Been, Where We are Now, and Where We are Headed. Perspectives of a Clinical Hepatologist. Pharm Med, 27(3), pp.165-191. P Constantinides, P. (2014). Enabling the development and life cycle management of oral poorly soluble drugs using lipid-based drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, s1(01). Platero, J. (2009). Molecular pathology in drug discovery and development. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Rosier, J., Martens, M. and Thomas, J. (n.d.). Global new drug development. Weinger, M., Gardner-Bonneau, D. and Wiklund, M. (2011). Handbook of human factors in medical device design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Willson, K., Ison, K. and Tabakov, S. (2013). Medical Equipment Management. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Belonging Speech Essay Example For Students

Belonging Speech Essay Tim Winton once said â€Å"Our Culture is obsessed about belonging, but people haven’t grasped the notion that you have to earn belonging, to earn some kind of comfort and ease of familiarity with yourself’’. Peter Skrzynecki’s poems Feliks Skrzynecki, St Patricks college and 10 Mary Street reflect this idea through many different ways and in many different contexts such as family, school, home, culture and land. To belong is to feel as though you are a part of something, where you connect with other people, and where you feel a sense of security. Belonging can be individually, within a group, community, society, or the larger world. This sense of belonging can be earned through our family, friends, likes and dislikes, backgrounds and opinions. Peter Skrzynecki uses various language and visual techniques throughout his poems to portray the idea that you have to earn belonging. Several aspects of belonging can also be explored through examining 3. Belonging is a universal necessity to feel needed and wanted within a certain collective of people. The term belonging itself means to have one’s identity accepted despite the similarities or more importantly differences. However, it is these same similarities or differences that define another’s perspective upon whether or not we belong to their social â€Å"norms†, which leads us to the concept of alienation and how it affects our sense of belonging in 4. We may all know belonging as being that which belongs to someone or as something that is connected with a principle or greater thing, but do we really understand what it means to belong as a human being? To belong we have to try to fit in and accept ourselves as a part of something. Sometimes, for the ones who have left their homeland and moved to another country, they may have a sense of not belonging even if the people in that country recognize them as a citizen of the nation. It could be because they don’t look like others by their hair color and appearance or because the languages they speak are not the same. . Perceptions and ideas of belonging, or of not belonging, vary. These perceptions are shaped within personal, cultural, historical and social contexts. A sense of belonging can emerge from the connections made with people, places, groups, communities and the larger world. Within this Area of Study, students may consider aspects of belonging in terms of experiences an d notions of identity, relationships, acceptance and understanding. Texts explore many aspects of belonging, including the potential of the individual to enrich or challenge a community or group. They may reflect the way attitudes to belonging are modified over time. Texts may also represent choices not to belong, or barriers which prevent belonging. Perceptions and ideas of belonging in texts can be constructed through a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures. In engaging with the text, a responder may experience and understand the possibilities presented by a sense of belonging to, or exclusion from the text and the world it represents. This engagement may be influenced by the different ways perspectives are given voice in or are absent from a text. . Belonging is important for our growth to independence; even further, it is important for our growth to inner freedom and maturity. It is only through belonging that we can break out of the shell of individualism and self-centredness that both protects and isolates us. However, the human drive for belonging also has its pitfalls. There is an innate need in our hearts to identify with a group, both for protect ion and for security, to discover and affirm our identity, and to use the group to prove our worthiness and goodness, indeed even to prove that we are better than others.

Using Sample Essay Prompts in Writing Practice

Using Sample Essay Prompts in Writing PracticeMany students prepare for the TOEFL, or the Test of English as a Foreign Language, by practicing sample essays. However, there are many other places where you can practice the English language as well. For example, you can start by doing an essay or research. Using a sample essay prompt is one of the most effective ways to practice your writing skills in the language.There are many opportunities for you to learn English by using samples. Sometimes, you can even find samples in newspapers and magazines. For example, if you go to a grocery store, you may see grocery ads that read 'Sample Sales Letter' in them.The grocery store ads are an excellent place to look for a sample English language sample. You may find yourself trying to copy and paste the grocery ad onto your personal letter to an employer. You may even find yourself trying to describe a newspaper article. All of these examples show you what it means to write a good letter to an e mployer or to write a news article.Your practice essay or research using a sample English language sample will help you make the decision when choosing an essay or research topic. It may be easier to choose the type of essay that you want to write if you have practice in writing a persuasive essay. The best way to know for sure that you are ready to write an essay or research is to practice writing about what you want to say.If you have an essay or research topic in mind, then you may want to look into writing an essay or research about the topic. This will allow you to choose an appropriate essay or research topic that will best help you write your essay or research. The essay or research may be done using a sample essay prompt.Another good idea is to see if you can use a TOEFL sample essay prompts. This allows you to use a TOEFL practice essay or research and/or essay. While some tutors require their students to write an essay or research from a sample, others do not. If you canno t get a TOEFL practice essay or research from your tutor, then you may want to consider using a TOEFL sample essay prompt.Although your essay or research may be based on a sample essay prompt, you should still base your essay or research on the topic and time frame you choose. Regardless of whether you choose an essay or research sample prompt, you should always try to find a topic that you are interested in. By creating a more concise essay or research, you will find that the sample essay or research prompts are much easier to use.

Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Essay Example

Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Paper Input Data is factual information and it needs to be accurately captured in order to be processed. There are many methods to input data and each situation warrants a different method. There can be several different ways to input the information and it can be done in an automatic fashion, as with a computer, or it can be done manually, as with a human writing the information down. For instance, printed questionnaires would best use a special scanning device called an optical data reader that uses optical mark recognition (OMR); when people complete the OMR form using pencils to fill in boxes on OMR paper an optical mark reader (OMR) can convert the pencil marks into digital data. The best method for a telephone survey would be the phone key pad since an integrated voice system (IVR) would be able to capture the touch tone responses. To input data from bank checks, the best method would be an image replacement document (IRD), where a paper facsimile that is the legal equivalent of an original check is transmitted electronically, since this reduces costs and fraud losses. Retail tags can be placed with a microchip, called a smart chip, that easily relays the product information when scanned with a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner and this would be the fastest, easiest method for inputting the data into the store’s computer system. We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Long documents would best be processed with a computer scanner so that the information on the document can be copied exactly and stored easily on the computer for reading or printing. Whatever the situation, there will be a satisfactory method to gather the information. Output Once the data has been accurately gathered, the information needs to be produced in some format. This process, known as output, is the opposite of the initial input process. Again, it can be accomplished many ways. For a hand held computer, the best output method would be a small screen called a liquid crystal display screen (LCD) because this would be the best way to view the data. For a color photograph the best method of output would be on a high end ink jet printer that produces color photo quality images on photographic paper because a photo needs to be vivid and clear. For a resume, the best method of output would be a color injet printer because it can print on different types of high quality paper, in different colors, or in different fonts. Again, an inkjet printer would be the best method of output for a memorandum because it would be easy to print out in black and white for multiple recipients. A statistical report could be processed best on a graphical printer, such as an inkjet printer, because you need to be able to have a printout that would display charts or graphs. The best method of output for a company annual report would be a professional printer because you would need a heavy duty printer that can handle large volumes and produce high quality documents.. Each situation would benefit from its own unique output method. Storage Devices Where there is input and output, there is always a place to store the information either long term or temporarily. Computer systems need to store greater amounts of data, instructions, and information in a more permanent manner than the main memory of a computer will allow. Therefore, secondary storage is required. Every individual situation determines which storage device would be the most effective way to store information. For example, a hard disk is best used to store information for long term, frequent use because it gives direct access to the information, such as a teacher having access to their students’ grades stored on a hard disk. A floppy disk is a portable way that data was transferred and was best used for information that needed to go from one application to another or one computer to another, such as a report that needed to be taken home after being created at work. It is not widely used anymore and was replaced by the compact disk read-only memory, or CD-ROM. The CD-ROM is a disk that cannot be recorded on once it has data written onto it, and is most appropriate for companies to store computer games or programs for the consumer to use. Random Access Memory, or RAM, is a storage device that is for temporary use, which is best used for running instructions while the computer is powered on. A flash/jump drive is a portable drive that can be used to store information that needs to be transported to different computers, such as a student saving their report and working on it using multiple computers. Tape is also an appropriate method to store data onto an audio- and videocassettes, when the information needs to be stored but does not need to be accessed quickly. This method is inexpensive and ideal for information that needs to be stored in case of a disaster. Different types of storage are optimal for different types of situations. Speed The speed of computer components is very important because input and output need to be processed efficiently. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage that can be lost in a disruption such as a power surge; the disk storage is often called random access because the reading head can move rather quickly from one piece of data to another, and does not have to read all the data in between. It’s speed is measured in megahertz and the greater the megahertz, the faster the RAM can read the data. The clock speed is a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate which affects the machine cycle time and the control unit executes an instruction in line with the electronic cycle, or pulses of the internal â€Å"clock. † Every instruction takes at least the same amount of time as the interval between pulses. The shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be completed. Data on hard disks can be retrieved quickly because the disk spins. The faster the disk spins the fater it can transfer data and retrieve data. It is measured in megabites. Data on a CD-ROM can also be accessed quickly as the disk spins in the same way the hard disk spins and the faster it spins the faster the recoded data can be retireved from the CD-ROM. Data on a floppy disk is the slowest method which is why it is being phased out and replaced by faster methods like the CD-ROM. The different components of a computer all process and retrieve data at different speeds to efficiently complete input and output. Citations Stair, Ralph M. , Reynolds, George W. (2006). Fundamentals of Information Systems (3th ed. ). Boston: Thomson Course Technology. Wikipedia. (2007). Floppy Disk. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Floppy_disk Wikipedia. (2007). Random Access Memory. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/RAM Wikipedia. (2007). USB Flash Drive. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/USB_flash_drive

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly Dry text is a term used to describe text that might be boring, long-winded, or written purely for academic value rather than entertainment value. You can often find dry text in textbooks, case studies, business reports, financial analysis reports, etc. In other words, dry text appears in many of the documents you will need to read and study while you are pursuing a business degree.   You may have to read dozens of textbooks and hundreds of case studies while enrolled in business school. To stand any chance of getting through all of your required reading, you will need to learn how to read a lot of dry text quickly and efficiently.  In this article, were going to take a look at a few tricks and methods that will help you wade through all of your required reading. Find a Good Place to Read Although it is possible to read almost anywhere, your reading environment can have a huge impact on how much text you cover and how much information you retain. The best reading places are well-lit, quiet, and offer a comfortable place to sit. The environment should also be free of distractions- human or otherwise. Use the SQ3R Method of Reading The Survey, Question, Read, Review and Recite (SQ3R)  method of reading is one of the most commonly used approaches to reading. To use the SQ3R method of reading, follow these five simple steps: Survey - Scan the material before you actually begin reading. Pay special attention to titles, headings, bold or italicized words, chapter summaries, diagrams, and pictures with captions.Question - As you read, you should constantly ask yourself what the key takeaway point is.Read - Read what you need to read, but focus on comprehending the material. Seek the facts and write information down as you learn.Review - Review what you have learned when you finish reading. Look at your notes, chapter summaries, or things you have written in the margin and then reflect on key concepts.Recite - Recite what you have learned aloud in your own words until you are confident that you understand the material and could explain it to someone else. Learn to Speed Read Speed reading is a great way to get through a lot of dry text quickly. However, it is important to remember that the goal of speed reading involves more than just reading fast- you need to be able to comprehend and retain what you are reading. You can study speed reading techniques online to learn exactly how its done. There are also a number of speed reading books on the market that can teach you various methods. Focus on Recall, Not Reading Sometimes, reading every assignment just isnt possible no matter how hard you try. Dont worry if you find yourself in this predicament. Reading every word isnt necessary. Whats important is that you are able to recall the most important information. Keep in mind that memory is highly visual. If you can create a mental memory tree, it may be easier for you to visualize and later recall facts, statistics, and other key information that you need to remember for class assignments, discussions, and tests. Get more tips on how to remember facts and information.   Read Backwards Starting at the beginning of a textbook chapter  isnt always the best idea. You are better off flipping to the end of the chapter where you will usually find a summary of key concepts, a list of vocabulary terms, and a list of questions that cover main ideas from the chapter. Reading this end section first will make it easier for you to locate and focus on the important topics when you read the rest of the chapter.

Music appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music appreciation - Essay Example After that, the musicians came out on the stage and sat down in their assigned positions. Then they started doing some practice moves on their instruments. The concert started once most of the attendees had taken their seats. This concert was divided in three parts, with two breaks in it. The show was really long as it ran for two hours. As the show started, the concert master Martine Verhoeven came out and sat down in her chair. Then, Fang-Ning Lim, the conductor of the overture to â€Å"LaCenerentola,† entered the stage and stood in front of the orchestra. The overture music was very lively, and the violin was performed beautifully. It made people feel relaxed and happy. I feel that violin sounds better when accompanied by piano, than when it is played solo. In the concert, the range of the piano was high. It was euphonious. The piano player was amazing. It felt as if she was the leader of those violin players. Also, the piano performance was like an interlude. In the hall, I saw my instructor James Martin, who was the conductor of the following music show, and Nora Chiang Worbel, the pianist for the concerto. I loved to see my instructor there. He is nice and a handsome man. Then the â€Å" Concerto No. 24 in a minor, K. 491,†which is written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, started. I really like the song written by Mozart as I used to play it on the piano when I was young. This music touches me deeply, not only because of the voice, but also because of the feeling that it brings. It makes me feel peaceful and tranquil. The melody brings great bliss to me. The music took me to a different level of happiness. It made me forget everything around me and my usual mental state of flux disappeared, till the time the music was playing. After that, there was an intermission. After the intermission, â€Å"Symphony no. 3 in E-Flat Major, Op. 97,† made by Robert Schumann, was played. There are many different movements in this

Major Paper 4--Explaining a Concept Research Paper Essay

Major Paper 4--Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Essay Example This paper aims to explain the concept of elder abuse to those who may not be familiar with the topic. Part of the information presented within the paper will include, but will not be limited to the risk factors relating to elder abuse, types of elder abuse with accompanying examples, the signs and symptoms of elder abuse, and how to deal with the situation when one discovers an elderly person who is being abused by his family members of caregivers. The World Health Organization has recognized Elderly Abuse as an increasingly growing problem among the population of the elderly. As such the World Health Organization has given the official definition of Elder Abuse as: â€Å"...a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person...† (â€Å"Elder Abuse†). The definition was adopted from the Action on Elder Abuse in the United Kingdom and has becom e the most widely accepted definition of the violent act upon the elderly. Elder Abuse most often occurs due to the â€Å"trust factor† that the aging person must place in the treatment that he expects of his caregiver. This trust factor is something that an elder person normally has for an immediate member of his family such as a younger sibling, spouse, family member, friend, neighbor, or anyone else that the elder person must rel on for services that he requires assistance in accomplishing. It is because of the closeness of the elderly towards his abuser that the law has classified Elder Abuse as a part of domestic or family violence. According to the Administration on Aging, elder abuse is no different from any other type of abuse that even young people experience. The only difference is that just like a child, an elderly person is already limited in his ability to defend himself from abuse. The various types of elder abuse as per information taken from the Administration on Aging (â€Å"What is Elder Abuse?†) include: Physical Abuse - inflicting physical pain or injury on a senior, e.g. slapping, bruising, or restraining by physical or chemical means. Sexual Abuse - non-consensual sexual contact of any kind. Neglect - the failure by those responsible to provide food, shelter, health care, or protection for a vulnerable elder. Exploitation - the illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets of a senior for someone else's benefit. Emotional Abuse - inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress on an elder person through verbal or nonverbal acts, e.g. humiliating, intimidating, or threatening. Abandonment - desertion of a vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the responsibility for care or custody of that person. Self-neglect – characterized as the failure of a person to perform essential, self-care tasks and that such failure threatens his/her own health or safety. An abuser has the ability to change the way t hat people perceive his abusee. In the case of the elderly, an abuser will do his best to portray the elderly as senile, or accident prone, and basically, just unable to care for him or herself sans any assistance. Once the others in the social circle of the elderly begin to believe in the feebleness of the elderly person, then the abuser will begin to get away with the