Battle of Thermopylae Essay Example for Free

Skirmish of Thermopylae Essay 300 is a fictionalized portrayal of the 460 B. C. Clash of Thermopylae. Adjusted from Frank Miller’s realistic novel 300, chief Zack Snyder clearly focused on this true to life display as chronicled as the Spartan’s magnificence. Driven by King Leonidas (Gerard Butler), the 300 best Spartan warriors battled to death against the Persian King Xerxes’ (Rodrigo Santoro) crusade of administering the universe of men, spare the last one named Dilios (David Wenham) who lived to announce the magnificence of the 300 and obviously, describe the story from the introduction of King Leonidas to the rigors of a Spartan soldier’s life. Through this account method, we are brought to the universe of odd confronted warriors, delightful and reviled prophets, sex blow out, 460 B. C. political insidious and immense fantastical monsters that made the entire film an activity chronicled dream rather than a homeroom verifiable narrative. Made by CGI enhanced visualizations innovation, the film is a picture duplication of the first comic book. The unworldly animals woke up, a minor number of throws looked a hundred thousand or somewhere in the vicinity, the stunning all encompassing foreboding shadows added a lot of dramatization to the dull scenes and the downpour of guts and blood were obviously implied for activity suckers as opposed to the shoe supporters. Without a doubt, human butcher never looked so beautiful. Yet, you don't should be a comic book or a PC movement fan to respect this artistic milestone. The cinematography is the thing that catches your eye in an alternate manner as Gladiator or Lord of the Rings or Troy could possibly do. In spite of the fact that I need to include that fusing a portion of the said movies’ absolute best chances like the Gladiator’s radiant wheat field scene, the olliphant-like animals from LotR and the bird’s eye see force shots from Troy, gave us a few minutes kind of history repeating itself yet by and large, Snyder got his work done quite well in making this 460 B. C fight unimaginably reasonable. From the points to the shading plans, the 300 film seemed as though an actually cleaned storyboard. Each edge is delightful and each board is a true to life feast. Not at all like the actually benchmarking battle among Hector and Achilles in Troy, the battles in 300 are taken NOT from a vantage purpose of an onlooker, yet from an eye level of someone who has a place in the battle†¦ someone who moves in the fight. Loaded up with moderate movement shots, the casing nearly sticks to give a further zoom of the astounding groupings. The impact? All things considered, the crowd were carried up close and personal to the adventure of the Battle of Thermopylae than they would ever envision. The manner in which the film streamed gave us a comic book feel to pretty much every scene except liberated us from the sight to behold gleam of the comic book. The affixed mammoth Persians, the uncleanliness looking seniors and warriors, the incredibly arranged battles and the lance causing blood showers looked fiercely more fantastic than what paint brushes or computer game film-production would ever do. The incongruity of the exceptional effects’ sway on making a scene of the past while setting a true to life future increased 300 its more extensive acknowledgment. The extraordinary visuals were ridiculous frantic and brutal, which is actually what that period is about and what our time attempts to remember, in fact. We know how this is made. Shots were inside against a blue screen and the foundations were included utilizing CGI procedures. (Film buffs get the hang of this method after Twilight delivered a selective narrative of the CGI behind their film). Lacking of an elite player throws and costly shooting areas, we can say that the movie’s enhanced visualizations got everyone's attention. Indeed, even Gerard Butler’s telling voice won't be given that much wonderment without the small acoustic touch. In any case, the visual methods which so colossally utilized didn’t simply become the movie’s achievement yet also the motion pictures coming up short. Having it overwhelm the substance made pundits not so much reveled but rather more whining. Many said that whatever the film immensely have in style, it needs human feelings and along these lines miss the mark in depicting the verifiable Battle of Thermopylae as a mankind's history, not an epic from a different universe. Spare Queen Gorgo’s (Lena Headey) shot to mobilize support for her significant other, every one of those fight addresses sounded vain for lacking edge underpins. However, on the other hand, the R rating could well cause us to comprehend that it’s the grisly, savage tricks that made us pay for the two-hour delightfully produced torments. To cite King Leonidas, â€Å"a new age has come, another freedom†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I surmise, we simply need to grasp it.

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George Teal Mrs. Earthy colored Progressed eighth Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three significant instances of racial dogmatism in our countries history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were explicitly intended to profit Caucasian guys by possessing slaves, yet expelling any rights that these slaves had. The populace would be dictated by adding to the entire number of free people, including those bound to support for a term of years, and barring Indians not burdened, three fifths of every single other individual, United States Bill of Rights. This adequately gave more force into the southern states, yet constraining the privileges of the slaves. After the common war this was changed in area two of the fourteenth amendment. A considerable lot of the liberated slaves following the common war likewise accepted that they were qualified for the land they had worked their whole lives, or if nothing else forty sections of land and a donkey of property. This was never granted,but many liberated slaves wound up purchasing and establishing property thereafter. In spite of all slaves being liberated and picking up the privileges of U.S. residents, there was still bias long into the twentieth century. This bias included African American residents not being permitted to battle in customary battle units in World War Two, and African Americans not having the option to take part in similar schools, sports, and occupations as different Americans, and this proceeded until the social equality development during the 1960s. Racial extremism isn't limited to only dogmatism against African Americans, yet additionally against Japanese settlers and German migrants, for instance in as right on time as the late nineteenth century, there were at that point numerous blacklists and fights for Japanese made merchandise. For exampl... ...d really needed to eradicate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi gathering utilized the jewish individuals as a substitute. All things considered Germany trusted it, and they did on the grounds that Hitler benefited from their disdain for the united countries and their hatred for their misfortune and financial ruin in World War One by asserting that the main explanation they lost, was a result of the jewish individuals. This was because of germany's generally protestant religion, who at the time had a grandiose look on different religions, while the jewish germans frequently had powerful places in banks and industry, making them even more simpler to fault. At the point when the nazi force at last came to control in 1933, they started to oust Jewish germans to death camps and hold onto their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solutionâ ¨. Considerably after the finish of the war, the harm despite everything waited in Article models - George Teal Mrs. Earthy colored Progressed eighth Language Arts 6 December 2013 Title There are three significant instances of racial fanaticism in our countries history: the treatment of African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Latin Americans. The constitution and bill of rights were explicitly intended to profit Caucasian guys by claiming slaves, yet evacuating any rights that these slaves had. The populace would be dictated by adding to the entire number of free people, including those bound to support for a term of years, and barring Indians not burdened, three fifths of every other individual, United States Bill of Rights. This viably gave more force into the southern states, yet constraining the privileges of the slaves. After the common war this was changed in segment two of the fourteenth amendment. A large number of the liberated slaves following the common war likewise accepted that they were qualified for the land they had worked their whole lives, or possibly forty sections of land and a donkey of property. This was never granted,but many liberated slaves wound up purchasing and establishing property thereafter. Regardless of all slaves being liberated and picking up the privileges of U.S. residents, there was still extremism long into the twentieth century. This extremism included African American residents not being permitted to battle in ordinary battle companies in World War Two, and African Americans not having the option to take an interest in similar schools, sports, and occupations as different Americans, and this proceeded until the social liberties development during the 1960s. Racial extremism isn't bound to only fanaticism against African Americans, yet additionally against Japanese workers and German foreigners, for instance in as ahead of schedule as the late nineteenth century, there were at that point numerous blacklists and fights for Japanese made merchandise. For exampl... ...d authentically needed to eliminate them, Hitler and the pre World War Two Nazi gathering utilized the jewish individuals as a substitute. All around Germany trusted it, and they did in light of the fact that Hitler profited by their contempt for the united countries and their disdain for their misfortune and financial ruin in World War One by asserting that the main explanation they lost, was a direct result of the jewish individuals. This was because of germany's for the most part protestant religion, who at the time had an arrogant look on different religions, while the jewish germans frequently had compelling spots in banks and industry, making them even more simpler to fault. At the point when the nazi force at long last came to control in 1933, they started to expel Jewish germans to death camps and hold onto their properties, in what they called their  ¨final solutionâ ¨. Considerably after the finish of the war, the harm despite everything waited in

Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay Free Essays

string(34) with total compensation as the solitary end. The postponement and tiresome long stretches of study and satisfaction of scholarly requests will in no time be finished. I meet the opportunity of moving on from this University with an evaluation in Business Finance with arranged emotions. In the first place, there is lightening that all the hours that I have placed so as to achieve this venturing rock into the universe of concern have in the end paid off. We will compose a custom article test on Theory Of Life And Education Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Second, there is pride that I had the option to bring through so much non only scholastically yet next to for my ain self-awareness inside the duration of my group in the University. Third, there is other than the alarm that I feel happens to course to each former student as he ventures out of a recognizable situation and into a new one. I know, alongside each former student this twelvemonth, that the existent universe of work will be a lot harder than the scholarly world. In any case, I am certain that with my solid foundation in expansive guidance and in my field of specialization, I will have the option to see my finishes to fulfillment. There are three essential finishes throughout my life at this curious clasp which underline on family unit, individual, and cultural obligations. My first end is to accept a fruitful calling as a man of issues as I satisfy the family unit obligation of pull offing the family unit concern. Having originated from a customary Eastern family unit, I am relied upon to assume control over the reins of the worry which my ascendants have worked to set up so as to get the requests of the family. At the point when I graduate, I will disciple under my male parent until I have sufficient experience to by and by run the palm oil worry that my family unit claims. In my human advancement, family unit ever comes principal. This is my way of respecting all the relinquishes that my folks have accomplished for me so as to gracefully me with a pleasant life and a five star guidance. As my folks progress in age, it is the obligation of the children to take consideration of them in their retirement. This is the reason my first significant end now in my life is to in a split second utilize all that I have figured out how to back up my family and delay our help. My second end is of an individual sort. At last, I need to indict a former student grade so as to increase my perception in concern bearing. Acquiring a maestro ‘s grade in concern removal in the nearby in the future will be of extraordinary guide to me expertly. On an individual degree, I perceive that larning does constant and must be sought after ceaselessly. In add-on to executing the obligations that one ‘s family unit expects of you, one ought to other than observe one ‘s individual developing and advancement as a significant end. My third end identifies with cultural obligation according to worry as a calling. During a few classes I joined in, I learned and valued the obligation for worries to do a positive effect on the network. I think of it as an obligation especially for concerns established in nat ure, similar to the oil concern. I had much of the time considered puting up a grant subsidize for qualified at this point burdened children in my locale. There are numerous who are denied of the essential requests in life, for example, guidance that need help from the individuals who can flexibly it for them. I do non accept that the effect of my guidance ought to decipher into doing the most expansion to support the family unit concern I will without further ado pull off. Or maybe, as Wood ( 1999 ) expressed, the cultural obligation of concerns incorporates the assignment and rating of concern results non sole of monetary benefit or an organization ‘s prosperity however by rules, for example, moralss and cultural desirableness. I accept that moral conduct of concern and productivity are non correspondingly sole. Moral thought processes and cultural obligation support concern while at a similar clasp loaning emphatically to the general public when all is said in done. I perceive of class, that the universe is experiencing a few cultural, financial and political turbulences. The ongoing planetary emergencies and the remarkable soils influencing planetary partnerships Enron and AIG have had a few conclusions for the universe of concern. Political contrasts everywhere throughout the universe †the Israeli-Palestine battle, psychological militant act, the nuclear hazard presented by Iran and North Korea, and the raw petroleum wars †influence lives and worries around the universe. Harmony stays tricky. Without harmony, the possibility of monetary and cultural improvement turns out to be considerably dimmer. Moreover, the activity of clime change other than presents a few conclusions for concerns including the worry that I will in the blink of an eye take. Inconsistent conditions structures lead to dry season, heavy rains, avalanches, tempests and works sickness which will affect the palm oil concern contrarily. My desires for the universe insi de the accompanying five decennaries are many. To begin with, I look frontward to an increasingly maintainable and greenish universe. In light of my commitment in the palm oil industry, I feel that I can make my bit in passing on this about. In the palm oil concern, the earth is ever an essential concern. Palm oil organizations are constantly constrained by natural gatherings to chop down their ecological effect, which I believe is only fitting since the business itself depends on reasonable conditions to do their interests develop. I accept that palm oil concerns should try to execute plans that would accomplish palm development work agreeably and non adversely with the earth. Beside sparing and re-afforestation endeavors, there ought to other than be clear waies in innovative work to concoct ways for practical palm oil development and to grow ecologically agreeable fuel. The palm oil industry by and by presents an other to ozone-hurtful unrefined petroleum vitality with biodiesel and oleo-synthetic compounds. It is of import that these endeavors are carried on to serve a greener universe. Second, I other than trust in an all the more socially mindful concern part. One of the most sensational acknowledge I had while in school is the judgment that most concerns work with net gain as the solitary end. You read Theory Of Life And Education Essay in classification Exposition models Several businesses around the Earth have left crushed situations, deforested lands, and contaminated Waterss. Moreover, corruptness and malevolence other than dog the corporate part following the ongoing bunch of soils influencing the top foreman of financial organizations. I feel that providing an outline to other concern pioneers and concern owners on working morally in the conduct of one ‘s concern will be significant. In this mode, I believe I can some time or another loan to making an all the more socially mindful concern area. Anyway unrealistic I am to see this expectation acknowledged, I perceive that most business networks won't take the moral position. I accept that the perceptual experience of numerous in the worry area is that overall gain is the main role, the cultural obligation closes are just discretionary. I accept that non having the option to decide future concern pioneers to go all the more socially touchy is a deformity of present day twenty-four hours guidance. Instruction in the schoolroom has neglected to decipher into work powers and grown-up females who care about the universe and who are fit for taking a gander at things from a bigger position. This is one of the central grounds I am grateful that my school guidance has become an engaging encounter for me. Previously, I used to be unconcerned to the occasions that frame and reshape the universe. My inclusion has only been self-conservation and self-progression. The twenty-four hours I ventured into the college, I settled that I will cause all that I to can to stick out and do my family glad for me. Nonetheless, the exercises and classs I have taken have constrained me to rethink my ain closures and positions throughout everyday life. As C.S. Lewis expressed, the liberating character of guidance changes an understudy from â₠¬Å" an obstinate little bundle of appetencies † toward â€Å" the great grown-up male and the productive member of society † ( qtd. in Dunn 1 ) . As I graduate, I plan to go that grown-up male C.S. Lewis was referencing to. A school guidance has accomplished such a great deal in pitching me towards that way. Initial, a school guidance has built up my capacity to accept autonomously. On account of the different exercises that I have learned inside the schoolroom, from the humanistic orders, precept, political logical control, and monetary sciences, I have become individual who can accept for himself. Previously, I used to compose no opinions about most things or issues. However, a school guidance has made me increasingly opinionative and nearly liberated from the limits of customary or traditional idea. Second, it has made me increasingly disparaging of the estimations of others as great. The tendency for understudies or children is to trust on the shrewdness of the individuals who are more experient than they are. As I found out more and tried to teach myself on issues that sway me as a resident, I found that I done dividing to what my folks or equivalents state and think. The more sceptered my head has become, the more I can show myself. Third, a school guidance has other than driven me to acknowledge decent variety in arranged signifiers. The approval that originates from guidance permits us to see the universe from a more extensive focal point. By larning about various human advancements, hypotheses, and settings, I have gotten increasingly involved to the study of history and progress. I concede that, being of Eastern plunge, I convey with me a few biass and biased impressions about individuals, occasions, and issues. The more I learned, all things considered, the more I understood that I was inaccurately in the vast majority of these convictions. I have other than built up the achievement to set things into the best possible setting and equity with a loosened and basic head. A school guidance has other than helped me comprehend the universe b

Case Study 8.1: His Team Gets the Best Assignments Essay

Case Summary: Jack’s group: †¢ Most inventive †¢ Willing to go the additional mile †¢ Gets along well with Carly †¢ Often gets assigned additional assets †¢ Praised for a provocative promotion crusade Terri’s group: †¢ Counseled out of a promotion battle †¢ Performs well for the office †¢ Unhappy with how Carly treats the group †¢ Holds animosity toward Carly †¢ Feels Carly is uncalled for and favors Jack’s group Julie’s group: †¢ Notices Carly favors different groups †¢ Feels different groups get the best essayists and craftsmanship chiefs †¢ Feels Carly doesn’t notice her group or help it with its work †¢ Feels underestimated Sarah’s group: †¢ Sarah has labored for a long time †¢ Agrees with some of Terri’s and Julie’s perceptions, yet it doesn’t appear to trouble her †¢ Her group takes care of business †¢ Being in Carly’s ‘inner circle’ would require additional time and more cerebral pains †¢ No enthusiasm for changing the manner in which office works Carly Peters coordinates the inventive office at Mills, Smith, and Peters, which has gained notoriety for being a standout amongst other promoting and open connection organizations in the nation. The office has four significant record groups, each is driven by a partner executive, who report straightforwardly to Carly. These four groups are going by Jack, Terri, Julie, and Sarah. Every one of the partner executives have diverse relationship with Carly. Questions 1.Based on the standards of LMX hypothesis, what perceptions would you make about Carly’s authority at Mills, Smith and Peters? As indicated by LMX hypothesis and its exploration, subordinates become a piece of the in-gathering or theâ out-bunch dependent on how well they work with the pioneer and how well the pioneer functions with them. Pioneers ought to make an uncommon relationship with all workers, like the in-bunch relationship. Pioneers should likewise offer every worker the chance to take on new jobs and duties, and should search for approaches to assemble trust and regard. It is obvious from this case Carly has diverse relationship with each partner chiefs. Jack’s group is the most inventive and goes the additional mile. The aftereffect of these colleagues going the additional mile is that Carly, thus, supports them. Jack and Carly’s relationship is plainly in the stage three â€Å"partnership† of initiative creation. Terri and Julie, guarantee t hat their groups perform well for the office and consequently, it’s unmistakably unjustifiable for Carly to be one-sided towards Jack’s group. Terri’s and Julie’s relationship with Carly seems, by all accounts, to be in the Phase 2 â€Å"acquaintance† of the authority making. The nature of pioneer part trade matters most to workers who feel less engaged, and for this situation it makes a difference the most to Terri and Julie. It is the obligation of the pioneer to make great trades will all the representatives and cause them to feel as a feature of in-gathering to dodge negative ramifications and imbalances. Sarah’s group takes care of business for the organization and Sarah obviously doesn’t need to be in Carly’s in-gathering, as it will mean more obligations regarding her and her group. Carly has low quality trades with Sarah, and their relationship seems, by all accounts, to be in the stage 1 â€Å"stranger† of the i nitiative creation. 2.Is there and in-gathering and an out-gathering, and assuming this is the case, which right? Jack’s group is obviously in the in-gathering and Sarah’s group is in the out-gathering. Julie’s and Terri’s group are likewise in the out-bunch yet attempting to be a piece of the in-gathering. 3.In what way is Carly’s relationship with the four gatherings beneficial or counterproductive to the general objectives of the office? Pioneers ought to have excellent trades and attempt to construct successful dyads with all representatives in the work unit, this would maintain a strategic distance from disparities and negative ramifications of being in an out gathering. This thusly will likewise engage representatives, and enabling them will have a positive ramifications hands on fulfillment, execution, turnover and the general authoritative objectives. Carly’sâ relationship with Jack’s group is obviously beneficial. I feel that her relationship with Sarah’s group is likewise to some degree profitable from a hierarchical point of view, as Sarah specifies that her group takes care of business and she obviously doesn’t need to be in the in-gathering. In any case, her relationship with Terri’s and Julie’s group appears to influence th e team’s confidence. It likewise has caused them to feel disregarded and priceless, which would absolutely influence the groups profitability later on, and thus would be counterproductive to the general objectives of the office. 4.Do you think Carly should change her methodology toward the partner executives? Provided that this is true, what would it be advisable for her to do another way? Unquestionably, associations remain to increase much from having pioneers who can make great working relationship. Carly should attempt to be a viable pioneer and assemble viable associations with every one of her representatives, the main activity is convey and tune in to every one of them about their jobs and obligations. She ought to likewise bolster them in their errands and spur them to perform better. On the off chance that she makes excellent trades, fabricates viable connections and causes everybody to feel a piece of in-gathering, the group elements and mentalities will turn out to be progressively positive and this thus will have constructive outcome on the general objectives of the association.

Mindfulness Meditation for Social Anxiety Disorder

Mindfulness Meditation for Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print How Do I Practice Mindfulness Meditation for Social Anxiety Disorder? Basic Tips to Get You Started with Mindfulness Meditation for SAD By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 02, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Muriel de Seze/Getty Images Mindfulness meditation (also known as vipassana or insight meditation) can be helpful in learning to manage the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The practice of mindfulness meditation involves learning to become aware of your emotions and thoughts without analyzing or reacting to them. This can be accomplished through guided meditation practice. Below are the basic steps to follow to begin a mindfulness meditation practice. In addition to these basic steps to get started, you might wish to read literature or take a course to learn more about the roots of mindfulness meditation, and why it can be helpful for your mental health. Ways to Incorporate Mindfulness Into Your Life Length of Practice Mindfulness meditation can be practiced daily, either for longer periods such as 20 to 40 minutes, or as mini-meditations throughout the day. You can help yourself practice mindfulness throughout the day by placing reminders in your home or choosing specific triggers. For example, you might tie red ribbons in certain spots in your house or use the ringing telephone as a reminder. Some people also participate in meditation retreats in which meditation practice is offered over a period of several days.? Place and Posture to Practice Find a location and posture that allows you to become comfortable. You might choose to sit in a chair, lie on a bed, or sit on the floor. If you are sitting, your posture should be relaxed but not slouched. Be sure to wear clothing that isnt restrictive.? How to Sit When Learning to Meditate Time to Practice Choose a time in which you will be free of distractions. Turn down the telephone so you wont be interrupted. Let your family or loved ones know that you need a certain amount of uninterrupted time for your practice. A Mindfulness Meditation Script The heart and soul of mindfulness meditation comes with choosing a meditation script to follow. You can find everything from very basic scripts to those developed specifically for targeted problems. Most meditation scripts will follow the same essential pattern. You will learn how to focus on your breath, separate yourself from analytical thoughts, and develop an open awareness of your mind and body.? Deal With Obstacles You might find that you experience difficulties when first learning how to practice mindfulness meditation. Perhaps you find it hard to concentrate, or that youre unable to relax.You might also find that your mind keeps racing, even when you try to slow down your thoughts. Know that these are normal worries in the beginning, and that things will improve with time. If you continue to have difficulties, consider some simple fixes like meditating for shorter periods of time, choosing a mantra to repeat to focus your mind, or learning how to note your difficulties without becoming focused on them. Use Mantra Meditation for Stress Relief When you struggle, it just means that you need to stick with your practice; regular and consistent mindfulness meditation will help to strengthen your ability to overcome the initial problems that you experience. Tips to Re-Focus Meditate for shorter periods of timeIf your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to return to the meditationUse a voice recorded script or choose a mantra to keep you focusedTry a different location with fewer distractionsChoose a different time of day, when you have fewer worries distracting you Research on Mindfulness Meditation for Anxiety A 2014 study showed that state anxiety of participants was reduced when they meditated. This reduction was linked to the activation of three brain structures, the anterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and anterior insula.  Activation of these brain regions was strongly related to anxiety relief, and confirmed that mindfulness meditation reduces anxiety by helping individuals to regulate their thinking patterns. A Word From Verywell This article shared some simple steps to help you on your way to learning the art of mindfulness meditation practice. If you are suffering with the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD), regular practice will eventually improve your self-concept and ability to handle negative emotions. You will also learn how to better respond to troubling thoughts and treat yourself with more compassion.

A Summary on Black Economic Empowerement - 825 Words

A Summary on Black Economic Empowerement (Essay Sample) Content: READING 2Insert Your Name Here:Insert Your Professors Name Here:Institution Affiliate:Date:1 IntroductionBEE has become one of the major strategies used by the ANC government in south Africa. Critics argue that BEE promotes re-racialization, amassment of wealth by few elites and hinders foreign investment. This paper seeks to unravel the propositions made by the BEE. These propositions will help understand whether BEE is indeed logical to use or not.2 Propositions2.1 Proposition 1The first proposition is that the government needs to use state power to assert greater black ownership and control. The assertion of greater black ownership and control was in line with ANC principles of National Democratic revolution.2.2 Proposition 2The second proposition is that ANC would secure political power while simultaneously accepting the principles of the market economy.2.3 Proposition 3The third proposition stated that black empowerment was initially easily achieved through south Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s parastatal sector and that had to be maintained.2.4 Proposition 4The fourth proposition stated that the ANC was keen to promote black ownership and control of the commanding heights in the economy such as mining, energy and finance.2.5 Proposition 5The fifth proposition stated that black business people who lacked capital due to the inadequacies in the apartheid rule would require capital assistance from the state as well as the private sector.2.6 Proposition 6The sixth proposition stated that there are three phases to black empowerment. The first phase is the advance black ownership that was halted by the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The second phase was inaugurated by the Black Economic Empowerment Commission in 2001which sought a more assertive policy through the use of charters. The third phase seeks to respond to critics that BEE has only favored the elite by introducing Broad Based Black Empowerment.2.7 Proposition 7The seventh proposition stated that the ass umption that BEE only favored the elite is only an exaggeration as black ownership and control is extending across different levels and sectors of the economy.2.8 Proposition 8The eighth proposition stated that given the centrality of political leverage to the promotion of BEE and the structure of the South African economy, black capitali... A Summary on Black Economic Empowerement - 825 Words A Summary on Black Economic Empowerement (Essay Sample) Content: READING 2Insert Your Name Here:Insert Your Professors Name Here:Institution Affiliate:Date:1 IntroductionBEE has become one of the major strategies used by the ANC government in south Africa. Critics argue that BEE promotes re-racialization, amassment of wealth by few elites and hinders foreign investment. This paper seeks to unravel the propositions made by the BEE. These propositions will help understand whether BEE is indeed logical to use or not.2 Propositions2.1 Proposition 1The first proposition is that the government needs to use state power to assert greater black ownership and control. The assertion of greater black ownership and control was in line with ANC principles of National Democratic revolution.2.2 Proposition 2The second proposition is that ANC would secure political power while simultaneously accepting the principles of the market economy.2.3 Proposition 3The third proposition stated that black empowerment was initially easily achieved through south Africaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s parastatal sector and that had to be maintained.2.4 Proposition 4The fourth proposition stated that the ANC was keen to promote black ownership and control of the commanding heights in the economy such as mining, energy and finance.2.5 Proposition 5The fifth proposition stated that black business people who lacked capital due to the inadequacies in the apartheid rule would require capital assistance from the state as well as the private sector.2.6 Proposition 6The sixth proposition stated that there are three phases to black empowerment. The first phase is the advance black ownership that was halted by the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The second phase was inaugurated by the Black Economic Empowerment Commission in 2001which sought a more assertive policy through the use of charters. The third phase seeks to respond to critics that BEE has only favored the elite by introducing Broad Based Black Empowerment.2.7 Proposition 7The seventh proposition stated that the ass umption that BEE only favored the elite is only an exaggeration as black ownership and control is extending across different levels and sectors of the economy.2.8 Proposition 8The eighth proposition stated that given the centrality of political leverage to the promotion of BEE and the structure of the South African economy, black capitali...

Anatomy of a Leaf, Use These Leaf Parts to Identify a Tree

Bullying Is Just A Part Of Growing Up And There Is Nothing...

Lersch 1 Katherine Lersch Coach berry Computer Literacy 3 December 2014 Behind Bullying Some parents think bullying is just a part of growing up and there is nothing wrong with it. That is the wrong way to think of bullying, and something needs to be done. Now there are so many campaigns about stopping bullying, and I bet in the future there will be no bullying. There are several questions, the first one is, what are the different types of bullying? You probably think bullying is only hitting, kicking, and punching, but there are six different types. There are: physical, verbal, hidden, sexual, cyber bullying, and relational aggression. The first one is the most common, physical. It includes hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching, and damaging someone s property. This one is easy to figure out if a kid is being bullied. Another type is verbal, and it is an emotional type of bullying. This one attacks self-confidence, and/or self-esteem. It includes name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic remarks, racial remarks, and verbal abuse. The third type is hidden, this one is the hardest to detect. Sometimes the victim doesn t know that they are being bullied. This type of bullying is supposed to harm someone s reputation and/or cause humiliation. To make it hidden it includes lying, spreading rumors, nasty facial or physical gestures, mean looks, playing cruel jokes, rudely mimicking someone, encouraging others to socially exclude someone, andShow MoreRelatedBullying Argumentative essay970 Words   |  4 PagesArgumentative Essay 25 November 2013 Bullying Have you ever seen or experienced bullying and the dramatic effects it has on its victims? Unfortunately nine out of every ten students have experienced bullying in school or online. Many people believe that bullying is a part of growing up and kids do not know any better. Bullies are intentionally causing mental and or physical damage to their victims, which will affect them for the rest of their lives. Bullying has shown that it can cause self inflictedRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On The Person That Is Being Bullied1147 Words   |  5 Pagestreated like they weren’t important? It is time to take a stand! When someone is bullying you, they are using their strength to influence or intimidate you or someone else to do what they want to be done. They are this way to people that seem smaller and weaker to them. While some believe that bullying makes a person stronger, it actually damages the victim which can lead to a lowered self-esteem and suicidal thinking. Bullying is bad for everyone whether you are old or young. It has long term effectsRead MoreSocial Media Plays an Important Role on How Children Act730 Words   |  3 Pagessee can affect their entire view on what is right and what is wrong. Children also spend endless hours doing nothing except staring at screens, which could lead to mental and/or health issues. New technology is making bullying easier at school and now at home. Modern culture is ruining childhood by exposing children to inappropriate things too soon, causing mental and health issues, and bullying. Social Media plays a big part in how kids act, what they think, what they say, and how theyRead MoreThe Effect Of Teen Bullying Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Teen Bullying Bullying is defined as a superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what they want. Teenage bullying is a serious problem in school and it is not always physical. There are several types of bullying including physical, verbal ,emotional, covert and cyberbullying. Physical bullying can include fighting, hitting, kicking, etc. while emotional bullying can include gossiping or leaving someone else out on purpose(Bullying Info and FactsRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Bullying1225 Words   |  5 Pagesnew part of their group ridicule, it may give pause. Any pause in this situation is too much time wasted while another child suffers at the hands of bullying. There is no way to put a complete stop to bullying. Even if people responded to the issue in an ideal way, which almost no one does, there is not a one-size-fits-all solution to the problem (Whitson). People too often refer to an understood goal to stop bullying. They use terms like prevention and the phrase, â€Å"bring an end to bullying.† ARead MoreBullying Is An Emotionally Draining Issue Prominent Across The World Today1111 Words   |  5 PagesSenior English 18 January 2017 Rough Draft Bullying is an emotionally draining issue prominent across the world today. Bullying is unacceptable, and there are many, if not several movements in an effort to end bullying once and for all. Throughout the course of this essay, I am going to discuss the issue of bullying, and formulate an argument towards the issue at hand. In this argument, I will show my support in the fight against bullying. A lot of things have changed throughout the courseRead MoreAdvice for Dealing With Bullying Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesDealing With Bullying If you are worried discuss this with a teacher. Bullying is not easy to define. Sometimes it involves hitting or kicking. But threats, teasing, and taunting are more common and can be more damaging. The word bullying is used to describe many different types of behaviour ranging from teasing or deliberately leaving an individual out of a social gathering or ignoring them, to serious assaults and abuse. Sometimes it is an individual who is doing the bullying and sometimesRead MoreEssay Bullying1404 Words   |  6 PagesBullying What is bullying? We might have seen it every day, and we still do not know what it is. In the short story â€Å"Black Boy,† Richard Wright shows how he was bullied as a young African American boy. However, bullying is not limited to one type of person living in one time period. It still exists today in the form of young people getting bullied on the streets, and at school. It could be very harmful, and could lead to serious damages, but sometimes it could help  by making people stand  up forRead MoreBullying Is A Form Of Action Made By An Aggressive Person1673 Words   |  7 PagesBullying is a form of action made by an aggressive person, and which it involves a direct or indirect approach to another person. The imbalance of power between the parties involved are dominating and submission. This behavior involves a negative pattern, having to deal with physical, verbal, gestural or non- verbal actions. The impact of emotional effects, and the long term consequences it h olds for a person being targeted by this action. The new form of bullying is â€Å"Cyberbullying† through electronicRead MoreBullying Should Be Addressed For The Proper Development Of Children1347 Words   |  6 PagesBullying is a very strong word to all the people around the world but some time people may not know if they are bullying other people. Bullying to all of us means something different. This is why I consider it very hard to judge and punish bullying as definitely what is bullying? Is bullying when you just fight with a kid or simply insult him and he insults you back, is it when you tease him for something he does, or is it when you take things from him without his permission is that bullying? Studies

What Is Inbreeding Definition and Genetic Effects

Inbreeding is the process of mating genetically similar organisms. In humans, its associated with consanguinity and incest, in which close relatives have sexual relationships and children. Inbreeding violates modern social norms, but is fairly common in animals and plants. While inbreeding generally is considered negative, it also offers some positive effects. Key Takeaways Inbreeding occurs when two closely related organisms mate with each other and produce offspring.The two main negative consequences of inbreeding are an increased risk of undesirable genes and a reduction in genetic diversity.The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. Genetic Effects of Inbreeding When two closely related organisms  mate, their offspring have a higher level of homozygosity: in other words, an increased chance that the offspring will receive identical alleles  from their mother and father. In contrast, heterozygosity occurs when the offspring receives different alleles.  Dominant traits are expressed when only one copy of an allele is present, while recessive traits require two copies of an allele to be expressed. Homozygosity increases with subsequent generations, so recessive traits that might otherwise be masked may start appearing as a result of repeated inbreeding. One negative consequence of inbreeding is that it makes the expression of undesired recessive traits more likely. However, the risk of manifesting a genetic disease, for example, isnt very high unless inbreeding continues for multiple generations. The other negative effect of inbreeding is reduction genetic diversity. Diversity helps organisms survive changes in the environment and adapt over time. Inbred organisms may suffer from what is called reduced biological fitness. Scientists have also identified potential positive consequences of inbreeding. Selective breeding of animals has led to new breeds of domestic animals, genetically suited to specific tasks. It can be used to preserve certain traits which might be lost from out-crossing. The positive consequences of inbreeding are less well studied in humans, but in  a study of Icelandic couples, scientists found that marriages between third cousins resulted in a greater number of children, on average, than those between completely unrelated couples. Disorders From Inbreeding The risk of a child developing an autosomal recessive disorder increases with inbreeding. Carriers of a recessive disorder may be unaware they possess a mutated gene because two copies of a recessive allele are needed for gene expression. On the other hand, autosomal dominant disorders are seen in the parents, but might be eliminated through inbreeding if the parents carry the normal gene. Examples of defects seen with inbreeding include: Reduced fertilityReduced birth rateHigher infant and child mortalitySmaller adult sizeReduced immune functionIncreased risk of cardiovascular diseaseIncreased facial asymmetryIncreased risk of genetic disorders Examples of specific genetic disorders associated with inbreeding include schizophrenia, limb malformation, blindness, congenital heart disease, and neonatal diabetes. The House of Habsburg may be the best example of the effects of inbreeding in humans. The Spanish Habsburg dynasty endured for six centuries, largely from consanguinous marriages. The last ruler of the line, Charles II of Spain, displayed a number of physical problems and was unable to produce an heir. Experts believe inbreeding lead to the extinction of the royal line. Animal Inbreeding Successive inbreeding of animals has been used to establish pure lines  for scientific research. Experiments conducted on these subjects are valuable because genetic variation cant skew the results. In domestic animals, inbreeding often results in a trade-off where a desirable trait is magnified at the expense of another. For example, inbreeding Holstein dairy cattle has led  to increased milk production, but the cows are more difficult to breed. Many wild animals naturally avoid inbreeding, but there are exceptions. For example, banded mongoose females often mate with male siblings or their father. Female fruit flies prefer to mate with their brothers. The male Adactylidium mite always mates with its daughters. In some species, the advantages of inbreeding may outweigh the risks. Sources Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (1999). An introduction to genetic analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. 726–727. ISBN 0-7167-3771-X.Lieberman D, Tooby J, Cosmides L (April 2003). Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 270 (1517): 819–26. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2290.  Thornhill NW (1993). The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79854-2.

Energy Drinks And Athletic Performance - 1748 Words

Introduction Energy drinks, are beverages that contain large doses of sugar (up to a quarter cup per can), caffeine and other ingredients, like the stimulatory herb Guarana and the amino acid Taurine. Dr. Erin Duchan, a pediatrician and co-author of a review of the current science about energy drinks for athletes, published recently in The Physician and Sports Medicine, said â€Å"There’s good evidence that caffeine is ergogenic (substance used for the purpose of enhancing performance) â€Å" and â€Å"it can, in the right circumstances, improve athletic performance.’ (Duchan, 2014) The aim of this investigation is to see whether Mother energy drinks increase athletic performance. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ‘If a person consumes an energy drink they will run further in the beep test.’ The independent variable is the Energy drink and the dependent variable is the athletic performance – how long someone can run the beep test until they can no longer run. In this investigation there are various factors that need to be kept constant in order to achieve the best results, these include the environment – the place it is performed e.g. if one is performed on a tennis court the second one will need to be performed on a tennis court, the weather conditions should be similar, the energy drink – type and amount, participants, time of day practical is performed and participants should wear similar clothing in each test – same shoes (running shoes) and type of clothing, EthicsShow MoreRelatedSports Nutrition: The Study and Practice of Nutrition and Diet1211 Words   |  5 Pagesnutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is concerned with the type and quantity of fluid and food taken by an athlete, and deals with nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is essential to maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet combined with athletic training to reach maximum performance potential. â€Å"Nutrient timing is a strategic approach to how much, what, andRead MoreEssay about The Effectiveness Of Sport Drinks731 Words   |  3 PagesThe major reason anyone drinks fluid before, during and after physical activity is to replace the water that is lost through sweat. If the water isnt replaced dehydration will occur and performance will be hampered. The purpose of sports drinks is to help rehydrate your body quickly and help improve performance and productivity. This is accomplished through a well-balanced mix of water, sugar (carbohydrates) and salts (electrolytes), the major ingredients in most sports drinks. These ingredients, combinedRead MoreEssay on Comparing the Efficiency of Sports Drinks and Orange Juice982 Words   |  4 PagesThe pertaining research involves the electrolytes in drinks. â€Å"Electrolyte† will be defined and its description of what they do, what they are, and how they help people will be further explained. The intention is to establi sh the efficiency of sports drinks and orange juice and then compare them. The pros and cons of both the orange juice and sports drinks will be elucidated through the research. Other drinks consumed after exercise will also be researched and their efficiency will be explainedRead MoreTaking a Look at Sports Drinks800 Words   |  3 PagesSports drinks are drinks consumed by athletes and professional sports men and woman to rehydrate and replace energy. Sports drinks contain varying levels of fluid, electrolytes and carbohydrate which all play a role in rehydrating and replenishing the body after strenuous physical activity. There are three types of sports drinks on the market; isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Isotonic drinks provide the athlete with fast fluid replacement which was lost by sweat, these drinks provide a boost ofRead MoreHow Energy Drinks Affect Health1135 Words   |  5 PagesHow Energy Drinks Affect Health Have you ever been drinking an energy drink and asked yourself, â€Å"is this good for me? Am I hurting my body by drinking this?† Well, I have done some research that shows the pros and cons of consuming energy drinks. Energy drinks are good for your health. Some studies show that they can improve memory,concentration, and athletic performance. Many energy drinks can contain B vitamins, water-soluble vitamins that aid in cell metabolism and support nervous and immune systemRead MoreBenefits Of Soft Drink Soft Drinks Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pages Some good things about soft drinks are that some athletes choose to drink soft drinks to help them boost their energy when performing. Soda can also help with stomach distress or burping to help with bloating after performing over a long period of time. However, soft drinks can also be very unhealthy. One 12oz. can of coke can carry â€Å"143 calories per serving† (â€Å"Sodas, Soft Drinks: Classic Coca-Cola†). Cola contains Phosphoric Acid, sugar, artificial coloring, artificial sweetener, and caffeine,Read MoreEnergy Drinks : The Energy Drink1548 Words   |  7 PagesMonster Energy Drink Over the years, energy drinks have been a phenomenon. Since 1997, when Red Bull became a sensation, the consumption of energy drinks has been at an all-time high. Currently, the energy drinks is a billion dollar market, with the U.S sales of Red Bull and Monster beverages totaling 4.5 billion dollars in 2016 (Statista, 2017). Other energy drinks in the market include Rock Star, Cocaine, Amp, Full Throttle, and Rip It. Generally, Malinauskas, Aeby, Overton, Carpenter-Aeby, andRead MoreAlcohol as an Ergogenic Aid1082 Words   |  5 Pagesand Athletics Alcohol, more specifically ethyl alcohol or ethanol, is a depressant that provides 7 kCal of energy per gram, and is the most abused drug for athletes and non-athletes in the United States. Prior to my research on alcohol, I assumed that alcohol abuse was not prevalent among college athletes, outside of the occasional partying that normal college students partake in as well. But according to Lifestyles and Health Risks of Collegiate Athletes, college athletes generally drink moreRead MoreThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Ergogenic Compounds to Improve Athletic Performance An Ergogenic aid is known as an enhancing quality in sporting performance. Compounds such as bee pollen, caffeine, glycine, carnitine, lecithin, and gelatin are claimed through anecdotal evidence to improve strength or endurance. The use of drugs and other substances has persistedRead MoreExplements In Sports1318 Words   |  6 Pageshelp her. She wants help for her performance on the ice and is looking into supplements like creatine monohydrate as well as drinks like Redbull but is also concerned as she has had gastrointestinal issues and doesn’t know if it will affect her differently. Concerned as the athletes don’t know much about using these substances you decide to create a file of information about ergogenic aids. Caffeine and taurine are two of the main ingredients found in energy drinks such as Redbull. However, caffeine

Essay on Website Design Moves Forward Constantly - 551 Words

â€Å"Design is not what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.† –Steve Jobs. No matter how the design looks, it should function properly and smoothly. Design wouldn’t be design without creativity. The use of colors and pictures can be a structure of a website, or the destruction. The website http://www.creative-knight.com/ uses color, pictures, and much more to build a foundation the makes the website unique and creative. Without creativity the design would be dull and wouldn’t draw your attention. The website has responsive web design, which makes the website more relaxing and much easier to use. Website design moves forward constantly, which means to have a great website, the developer have to be ahead of every other†¦show more content†¦Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing. If you have ideas, but don’t act on them, you are imaginative but not creative.† (Naiman, Linda. What is Creativity? | Cr eativity at Work.). To be creative it takes more than an imagination, this website brings a lot of great ideas to life. MVP is one of the most important factors to design and design elements. Every detail matters, but only to a certain extent. In website design MVP is minimal viable product. MVP helps keep things simple and to the point. Website that use MVP are in style and more modern, these websites tend to be more successful as well. â€Å"A minimum viable product (MVP) is a development technique in which a new product or website is developed with sufficient features to satisfy early adopters. The final, complete set of features is only designed and developed after considering feedback from the products initial users.† (Janssen, Cory. What is a Minimum Viable Product (MVP)? - Definition from Techopedia.). The MVP make the website less crowded, and easier to function. The website has everything it needs, and nothing that is unnecessary. There’s a lot to learn about creativity. Everyday people pass these things, and never stop to think to themselves about the work behind the website. The website http://www.creative-knight.com/ uses design elements to bring together creativity and responsive design. The color makesShow MoreRelatedTechnology And The New Battle Ground1545 Words   |  7 PagesSource: Bridget van Kralingen – SVP, IBM Global Business Services What I took from that is, we waste so much time and effort worrying about keeping up with technology, trends, platforms†¦.., which are of course important. However it is not realistic to constantly keep up. Although a continuous focus on user experience is possible and does not always require new technology, heavy investment or a major innovation. Matt Candy of IBM Interactive said in a presentation â€Å"The traditional boundaries are dead; theRead More4dep601 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent behaviour types associated with professions, and bands which determine the level an individual is at (e.g, Admin, Manager, Director etc). Members of the CIPD website can use the HR Profession Map to assess their current capabilities, and identify areas for development to either move bands within a specific professional area, or move into a different professional area altogether. This can be used for individuals, or to define HR within your business. 1.2 Professional areas The 2Read MoreDesign Thinking Paper1539 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: DESIGN THINKING PAPER Design Thinking Paper Week 7 Assignment Lucia Bastian John F. Kennedy University August 16th, 2010 DESIGN THINKING PAPER Abstract This paper is to define â€Å"Design Thinking† and explain how it can be used by organizations to improve their level of innovation in product development and service delivery. It further describes some examples of how organizations that continuously use design thinking proved to be very successful and talks about their principles andRead MoreGlobal Tourism Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesWe spend a lot of time talking about future trends, but marketers can also learn from looking back at old, buzzing topics and insights to help them grow and move forward. The thunder::tech Communications Department ran some numbers for us and have delivered our top 10 most read blog posts for 2017. Now, this list is for topics that were hot and published in the past year, versus blog posts that may have been up for many years and are still delivering us traffic and interest. Thats a topic bestRead MoreThe World Trade Center And Nicknamed The Twin Towers1677 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as the Freedom Tower. In the shadow of the recently completed tower are two reflecting pools that were once the foundation of the fallen towers. During the design process and upon completion a public opinion arose with some saying, â€Å"building this tower means the terrorists won.† Others say it’s a symbolism for rebirth and moving forward. After visiting New York, watching the building process of the new tower, and witnessing the reflecting pools, my opinion would side with the latter. I may liveRead More My aim is to produce a line follower robot with a bump sensor1559 Words   |  7 Pagescircuit on the breadboard and researched on how the components work. I have researched on the type of amplifiers I could use for the line follower. I will use an amplifier to increase the current as I am using low voltage. I looked on the Maplins website (www.maplins.co.uk) and decided to use the LM386 because it is suitable for low voltage applications and it is relatively cheap. Specification: * The robot has to be able to follow straight lines, curves and turn around corners * ItRead MoreLife Cycle Of The Electric Light1339 Words   |  6 Pagescalled N or P type. N-type silicon has extra electrons, and P-type has gaps that seek to have an electron. When an electric current is applied to the P-N junction, it makes the diode forward biased. The electrons go from the N-type to the P-type, which causes photons (particles of light) to be given off as the electrons move to the other side. LEDs produce less heat than any other light source, and use very little power. They are also very small and produce a high light output, making them a good fitRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Sushilicious1594 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media streams or automate them with the risk that they become impersonal or robotic once he becomes busier during high traffic moments in the business. To demonstrate our understanding of the business case that we are recommending as a way forward for the company, we will highlight some key aspects of the SWOT analysis for Sushilicious. As a concept and a brand, Sushilicious has considerable strengths that can augment its future business viability. Woo has several factors benefiting himRead MoreEnvironmental Scan of Amazon And Nike1104 Words   |  5 Pagesneed for every aspect of your life at your fingertips and ready for use (PC Magazine, 2011). Amazon has been looking to improve internally with the use of their cloud computing market to enhance their web services attracting more consumers to their website, Amazon Web Services wants to be the data center for the world (Bloomberg, 2011). The strategy of Amazon in cloud computing is to influence consumers its huge databases and internal research and development strengths offering powerful tools, WhenRead MorePlanning– -Primary teachers need to create engaging lessons which will hold students’ interest and900 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning– -Primary teachers need to create engaging lessons which will hold students’ interest and keep the m connected to the learning target. This being said, there should always be an end goal in mind prior to designing a lesson (Backwards Design). Teachers should make sure they know the intended targets and expectations they want students to comprehend. Teachers must also determine student needs prior to planning a lesson, so that differentiated instruction can be given to those who need it –

Life Cycle of a Medical Device

Question: Describe about the Life Cycle of a Medical Device? Answer: Introduction This assignment consists of an analysis of life cycle of medical devices present in medical market. Life cycle of medical devices means the set of stages of a medical device in its activity cycle. There is a brief discussion on life cycle of medical device and comparison of development of drugs with medical device development (P Constantinides, 2014). Every medical device is different in complexity and application. In this assignment there is an explanation of difference between development cycle of medical device and medical drugs. Life cycle of Medical Device 1. Concept research Concept research is the first phase of life cycle of any medical device. In this step the company will first analyze the medical market. As per the analysis report medical devices are development (Lewis, 2013). The modification or innovation if required in any old medical device company can only do after analyzing the 2. Prototype Design Development Before development of main model prototype or rough model of the device is developed to check whether the device is working properly or not (Fries, 2001). Prototype model of medical device is developed to check working.3. Preclinical development-Pre-clinical development is the stage in which prototype model of device before tested on human being is tested on any other living being so that the defects can be identified and corrected in main model of medical device (El-Haik and Mekki, 2008). 4. Clinical Trials Testing-Clinical trial testing is the fourth stage in life cycle of medical device it is done after the pre clin ical development and pre clinical testing of the device. The main model of the medical device is tested in this step (Fleming and Ma, 2002). The main model which will be launched by company is only tested in this step. 5. FDA Approval Market Launch Food and Drug Administration department after analyzing the above process of medical device give approval to company for launching their device in market (Platero, 2009). FDA main focus is on protecting and promoting the public health with the help rules and regulations. Without approval of FDA no company can launch medical device in the market. Difference between Device development and drug development Device Development Life Cycle Concept Research- This is the initial step in the development life cycle of medical device. In this step company do basic research in medical market to identify the requirement of the market. The device developed by the company should be made as per the requirement of market or hospitals or the clinics. Prototype Design Development- In this step medical device development company initially develop a rough model as per the analysis report. The rough model is developed to check whether the device is suitable in present environment or not. Pre clinical Development- Pre clinical development is the process in which device is developed to test its working and sustainability. Pre clinical development is done to check whether the device is good for long term or not. After development the device has to undergo the test which is done to check whether the device is performing as per the needs or not. Clinical Trials Testing- Clinical trial testing is the process in which main model of the device is tested. The device is tested in this step on the object for which it is developed. This is the trial test so after this if any defects are found in device it has to be corrected. FDA Approval Market Launch- FDA stands for Food and Drug Administration. FDA main responsibility is to maintain the public health in relation to drugs and foods products developed for them. Drug Development Life Cycle The steps involved in Drug development life cycle are as follow: Discovery and research In this step research is done of the drug market so that the requirement can be identified (Rosier, Martens and Thomas, n.d.). Pre clinical Before development of main drugs sample is tested to check the affect and side affect of it (Weinger, Gardner-Bonneau and Wiklund, 2011). Development Testing or Validation- After pre clinical test of the drug development is done and after development is testing is done. Trial Test- Trail test is done to identify the defects after main development of drugs (Willson, Ison and Tabakov, 2013). FDA Approval To market- FDA approval is important for any drug development company for launching any drugs in market. Conclusion The development life cycle of medical device and drugs are different which is discussed above. The main body responsible for launching any device and drug in market is FDA. FDA before launching conduct different test of the device and drugs. References El-Haik, B. and Mekki, K. (2008). Medical Device Design for Six Sigma. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Fleming, E. and Ma, P. (2002). Drug life-cycle technologies. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1(10), pp.751-752. Fries, R. (2001). Handbook of medical device design. New York: M. Dekker. Lewis, J. (2013). Drug-Induced Liver Injury Throughout the Drug Development Life Cycle: Where We Have Been, Where We are Now, and Where We are Headed. Perspectives of a Clinical Hepatologist. Pharm Med, 27(3), pp.165-191. P Constantinides, P. (2014). Enabling the development and life cycle management of oral poorly soluble drugs using lipid-based drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, s1(01). Platero, J. (2009). Molecular pathology in drug discovery and development. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Rosier, J., Martens, M. and Thomas, J. (n.d.). Global new drug development. Weinger, M., Gardner-Bonneau, D. and Wiklund, M. (2011). Handbook of human factors in medical device design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Willson, K., Ison, K. and Tabakov, S. (2013). Medical Equipment Management. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Belonging Speech Essay Example For Students

Belonging Speech Essay Tim Winton once said â€Å"Our Culture is obsessed about belonging, but people haven’t grasped the notion that you have to earn belonging, to earn some kind of comfort and ease of familiarity with yourself’’. Peter Skrzynecki’s poems Feliks Skrzynecki, St Patricks college and 10 Mary Street reflect this idea through many different ways and in many different contexts such as family, school, home, culture and land. To belong is to feel as though you are a part of something, where you connect with other people, and where you feel a sense of security. Belonging can be individually, within a group, community, society, or the larger world. This sense of belonging can be earned through our family, friends, likes and dislikes, backgrounds and opinions. Peter Skrzynecki uses various language and visual techniques throughout his poems to portray the idea that you have to earn belonging. Several aspects of belonging can also be explored through examining 3. Belonging is a universal necessity to feel needed and wanted within a certain collective of people. The term belonging itself means to have one’s identity accepted despite the similarities or more importantly differences. However, it is these same similarities or differences that define another’s perspective upon whether or not we belong to their social â€Å"norms†, which leads us to the concept of alienation and how it affects our sense of belonging in 4. We may all know belonging as being that which belongs to someone or as something that is connected with a principle or greater thing, but do we really understand what it means to belong as a human being? To belong we have to try to fit in and accept ourselves as a part of something. Sometimes, for the ones who have left their homeland and moved to another country, they may have a sense of not belonging even if the people in that country recognize them as a citizen of the nation. It could be because they don’t look like others by their hair color and appearance or because the languages they speak are not the same. . Perceptions and ideas of belonging, or of not belonging, vary. These perceptions are shaped within personal, cultural, historical and social contexts. A sense of belonging can emerge from the connections made with people, places, groups, communities and the larger world. Within this Area of Study, students may consider aspects of belonging in terms of experiences an d notions of identity, relationships, acceptance and understanding. Texts explore many aspects of belonging, including the potential of the individual to enrich or challenge a community or group. They may reflect the way attitudes to belonging are modified over time. Texts may also represent choices not to belong, or barriers which prevent belonging. Perceptions and ideas of belonging in texts can be constructed through a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures. In engaging with the text, a responder may experience and understand the possibilities presented by a sense of belonging to, or exclusion from the text and the world it represents. This engagement may be influenced by the different ways perspectives are given voice in or are absent from a text. . Belonging is important for our growth to independence; even further, it is important for our growth to inner freedom and maturity. It is only through belonging that we can break out of the shell of individualism and self-centredness that both protects and isolates us. However, the human drive for belonging also has its pitfalls. There is an innate need in our hearts to identify with a group, both for protect ion and for security, to discover and affirm our identity, and to use the group to prove our worthiness and goodness, indeed even to prove that we are better than others.

Using Sample Essay Prompts in Writing Practice

Using Sample Essay Prompts in Writing PracticeMany students prepare for the TOEFL, or the Test of English as a Foreign Language, by practicing sample essays. However, there are many other places where you can practice the English language as well. For example, you can start by doing an essay or research. Using a sample essay prompt is one of the most effective ways to practice your writing skills in the language.There are many opportunities for you to learn English by using samples. Sometimes, you can even find samples in newspapers and magazines. For example, if you go to a grocery store, you may see grocery ads that read 'Sample Sales Letter' in them.The grocery store ads are an excellent place to look for a sample English language sample. You may find yourself trying to copy and paste the grocery ad onto your personal letter to an employer. You may even find yourself trying to describe a newspaper article. All of these examples show you what it means to write a good letter to an e mployer or to write a news article.Your practice essay or research using a sample English language sample will help you make the decision when choosing an essay or research topic. It may be easier to choose the type of essay that you want to write if you have practice in writing a persuasive essay. The best way to know for sure that you are ready to write an essay or research is to practice writing about what you want to say.If you have an essay or research topic in mind, then you may want to look into writing an essay or research about the topic. This will allow you to choose an appropriate essay or research topic that will best help you write your essay or research. The essay or research may be done using a sample essay prompt.Another good idea is to see if you can use a TOEFL sample essay prompts. This allows you to use a TOEFL practice essay or research and/or essay. While some tutors require their students to write an essay or research from a sample, others do not. If you canno t get a TOEFL practice essay or research from your tutor, then you may want to consider using a TOEFL sample essay prompt.Although your essay or research may be based on a sample essay prompt, you should still base your essay or research on the topic and time frame you choose. Regardless of whether you choose an essay or research sample prompt, you should always try to find a topic that you are interested in. By creating a more concise essay or research, you will find that the sample essay or research prompts are much easier to use.

Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Essay Example

Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed Paper Input Data is factual information and it needs to be accurately captured in order to be processed. There are many methods to input data and each situation warrants a different method. There can be several different ways to input the information and it can be done in an automatic fashion, as with a computer, or it can be done manually, as with a human writing the information down. For instance, printed questionnaires would best use a special scanning device called an optical data reader that uses optical mark recognition (OMR); when people complete the OMR form using pencils to fill in boxes on OMR paper an optical mark reader (OMR) can convert the pencil marks into digital data. The best method for a telephone survey would be the phone key pad since an integrated voice system (IVR) would be able to capture the touch tone responses. To input data from bank checks, the best method would be an image replacement document (IRD), where a paper facsimile that is the legal equivalent of an original check is transmitted electronically, since this reduces costs and fraud losses. Retail tags can be placed with a microchip, called a smart chip, that easily relays the product information when scanned with a radio-frequency identification (RFID) scanner and this would be the fastest, easiest method for inputting the data into the store’s computer system. We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Input, Output, Storage Devices, Speed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Long documents would best be processed with a computer scanner so that the information on the document can be copied exactly and stored easily on the computer for reading or printing. Whatever the situation, there will be a satisfactory method to gather the information. Output Once the data has been accurately gathered, the information needs to be produced in some format. This process, known as output, is the opposite of the initial input process. Again, it can be accomplished many ways. For a hand held computer, the best output method would be a small screen called a liquid crystal display screen (LCD) because this would be the best way to view the data. For a color photograph the best method of output would be on a high end ink jet printer that produces color photo quality images on photographic paper because a photo needs to be vivid and clear. For a resume, the best method of output would be a color injet printer because it can print on different types of high quality paper, in different colors, or in different fonts. Again, an inkjet printer would be the best method of output for a memorandum because it would be easy to print out in black and white for multiple recipients. A statistical report could be processed best on a graphical printer, such as an inkjet printer, because you need to be able to have a printout that would display charts or graphs. The best method of output for a company annual report would be a professional printer because you would need a heavy duty printer that can handle large volumes and produce high quality documents.. Each situation would benefit from its own unique output method. Storage Devices Where there is input and output, there is always a place to store the information either long term or temporarily. Computer systems need to store greater amounts of data, instructions, and information in a more permanent manner than the main memory of a computer will allow. Therefore, secondary storage is required. Every individual situation determines which storage device would be the most effective way to store information. For example, a hard disk is best used to store information for long term, frequent use because it gives direct access to the information, such as a teacher having access to their students’ grades stored on a hard disk. A floppy disk is a portable way that data was transferred and was best used for information that needed to go from one application to another or one computer to another, such as a report that needed to be taken home after being created at work. It is not widely used anymore and was replaced by the compact disk read-only memory, or CD-ROM. The CD-ROM is a disk that cannot be recorded on once it has data written onto it, and is most appropriate for companies to store computer games or programs for the consumer to use. Random Access Memory, or RAM, is a storage device that is for temporary use, which is best used for running instructions while the computer is powered on. A flash/jump drive is a portable drive that can be used to store information that needs to be transported to different computers, such as a student saving their report and working on it using multiple computers. Tape is also an appropriate method to store data onto an audio- and videocassettes, when the information needs to be stored but does not need to be accessed quickly. This method is inexpensive and ideal for information that needs to be stored in case of a disaster. Different types of storage are optimal for different types of situations. Speed The speed of computer components is very important because input and output need to be processed efficiently. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage that can be lost in a disruption such as a power surge; the disk storage is often called random access because the reading head can move rather quickly from one piece of data to another, and does not have to read all the data in between. It’s speed is measured in megahertz and the greater the megahertz, the faster the RAM can read the data. The clock speed is a series of electronic pulses at a predetermined rate which affects the machine cycle time and the control unit executes an instruction in line with the electronic cycle, or pulses of the internal â€Å"clock. † Every instruction takes at least the same amount of time as the interval between pulses. The shorter the interval between pulses, the faster each instruction can be completed. Data on hard disks can be retrieved quickly because the disk spins. The faster the disk spins the fater it can transfer data and retrieve data. It is measured in megabites. Data on a CD-ROM can also be accessed quickly as the disk spins in the same way the hard disk spins and the faster it spins the faster the recoded data can be retireved from the CD-ROM. Data on a floppy disk is the slowest method which is why it is being phased out and replaced by faster methods like the CD-ROM. The different components of a computer all process and retrieve data at different speeds to efficiently complete input and output. Citations Stair, Ralph M. , Reynolds, George W. (2006). Fundamentals of Information Systems (3th ed. ). Boston: Thomson Course Technology. Wikipedia. (2007). Floppy Disk. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Floppy_disk Wikipedia. (2007). Random Access Memory. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/RAM Wikipedia. (2007). USB Flash Drive. Retrieved June 6, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/USB_flash_drive

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly

How to Read a Lot of Dry Text Quickly Dry text is a term used to describe text that might be boring, long-winded, or written purely for academic value rather than entertainment value. You can often find dry text in textbooks, case studies, business reports, financial analysis reports, etc. In other words, dry text appears in many of the documents you will need to read and study while you are pursuing a business degree.   You may have to read dozens of textbooks and hundreds of case studies while enrolled in business school. To stand any chance of getting through all of your required reading, you will need to learn how to read a lot of dry text quickly and efficiently.  In this article, were going to take a look at a few tricks and methods that will help you wade through all of your required reading. Find a Good Place to Read Although it is possible to read almost anywhere, your reading environment can have a huge impact on how much text you cover and how much information you retain. The best reading places are well-lit, quiet, and offer a comfortable place to sit. The environment should also be free of distractions- human or otherwise. Use the SQ3R Method of Reading The Survey, Question, Read, Review and Recite (SQ3R)  method of reading is one of the most commonly used approaches to reading. To use the SQ3R method of reading, follow these five simple steps: Survey - Scan the material before you actually begin reading. Pay special attention to titles, headings, bold or italicized words, chapter summaries, diagrams, and pictures with captions.Question - As you read, you should constantly ask yourself what the key takeaway point is.Read - Read what you need to read, but focus on comprehending the material. Seek the facts and write information down as you learn.Review - Review what you have learned when you finish reading. Look at your notes, chapter summaries, or things you have written in the margin and then reflect on key concepts.Recite - Recite what you have learned aloud in your own words until you are confident that you understand the material and could explain it to someone else. Learn to Speed Read Speed reading is a great way to get through a lot of dry text quickly. However, it is important to remember that the goal of speed reading involves more than just reading fast- you need to be able to comprehend and retain what you are reading. You can study speed reading techniques online to learn exactly how its done. There are also a number of speed reading books on the market that can teach you various methods. Focus on Recall, Not Reading Sometimes, reading every assignment just isnt possible no matter how hard you try. Dont worry if you find yourself in this predicament. Reading every word isnt necessary. Whats important is that you are able to recall the most important information. Keep in mind that memory is highly visual. If you can create a mental memory tree, it may be easier for you to visualize and later recall facts, statistics, and other key information that you need to remember for class assignments, discussions, and tests. Get more tips on how to remember facts and information.   Read Backwards Starting at the beginning of a textbook chapter  isnt always the best idea. You are better off flipping to the end of the chapter where you will usually find a summary of key concepts, a list of vocabulary terms, and a list of questions that cover main ideas from the chapter. Reading this end section first will make it easier for you to locate and focus on the important topics when you read the rest of the chapter.

Music appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music appreciation - Essay Example After that, the musicians came out on the stage and sat down in their assigned positions. Then they started doing some practice moves on their instruments. The concert started once most of the attendees had taken their seats. This concert was divided in three parts, with two breaks in it. The show was really long as it ran for two hours. As the show started, the concert master Martine Verhoeven came out and sat down in her chair. Then, Fang-Ning Lim, the conductor of the overture to â€Å"LaCenerentola,† entered the stage and stood in front of the orchestra. The overture music was very lively, and the violin was performed beautifully. It made people feel relaxed and happy. I feel that violin sounds better when accompanied by piano, than when it is played solo. In the concert, the range of the piano was high. It was euphonious. The piano player was amazing. It felt as if she was the leader of those violin players. Also, the piano performance was like an interlude. In the hall, I saw my instructor James Martin, who was the conductor of the following music show, and Nora Chiang Worbel, the pianist for the concerto. I loved to see my instructor there. He is nice and a handsome man. Then the â€Å" Concerto No. 24 in a minor, K. 491,†which is written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, started. I really like the song written by Mozart as I used to play it on the piano when I was young. This music touches me deeply, not only because of the voice, but also because of the feeling that it brings. It makes me feel peaceful and tranquil. The melody brings great bliss to me. The music took me to a different level of happiness. It made me forget everything around me and my usual mental state of flux disappeared, till the time the music was playing. After that, there was an intermission. After the intermission, â€Å"Symphony no. 3 in E-Flat Major, Op. 97,† made by Robert Schumann, was played. There are many different movements in this

Major Paper 4--Explaining a Concept Research Paper Essay

Major Paper 4--Explaining a Concept Research Paper - Essay Example This paper aims to explain the concept of elder abuse to those who may not be familiar with the topic. Part of the information presented within the paper will include, but will not be limited to the risk factors relating to elder abuse, types of elder abuse with accompanying examples, the signs and symptoms of elder abuse, and how to deal with the situation when one discovers an elderly person who is being abused by his family members of caregivers. The World Health Organization has recognized Elderly Abuse as an increasingly growing problem among the population of the elderly. As such the World Health Organization has given the official definition of Elder Abuse as: â€Å"...a single, or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person...† (â€Å"Elder Abuse†). The definition was adopted from the Action on Elder Abuse in the United Kingdom and has becom e the most widely accepted definition of the violent act upon the elderly. Elder Abuse most often occurs due to the â€Å"trust factor† that the aging person must place in the treatment that he expects of his caregiver. This trust factor is something that an elder person normally has for an immediate member of his family such as a younger sibling, spouse, family member, friend, neighbor, or anyone else that the elder person must rel on for services that he requires assistance in accomplishing. It is because of the closeness of the elderly towards his abuser that the law has classified Elder Abuse as a part of domestic or family violence. According to the Administration on Aging, elder abuse is no different from any other type of abuse that even young people experience. The only difference is that just like a child, an elderly person is already limited in his ability to defend himself from abuse. The various types of elder abuse as per information taken from the Administration on Aging (â€Å"What is Elder Abuse?†) include: Physical Abuse - inflicting physical pain or injury on a senior, e.g. slapping, bruising, or restraining by physical or chemical means. Sexual Abuse - non-consensual sexual contact of any kind. Neglect - the failure by those responsible to provide food, shelter, health care, or protection for a vulnerable elder. Exploitation - the illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of funds, property, or assets of a senior for someone else's benefit. Emotional Abuse - inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress on an elder person through verbal or nonverbal acts, e.g. humiliating, intimidating, or threatening. Abandonment - desertion of a vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the responsibility for care or custody of that person. Self-neglect – characterized as the failure of a person to perform essential, self-care tasks and that such failure threatens his/her own health or safety. An abuser has the ability to change the way t hat people perceive his abusee. In the case of the elderly, an abuser will do his best to portray the elderly as senile, or accident prone, and basically, just unable to care for him or herself sans any assistance. Once the others in the social circle of the elderly begin to believe in the feebleness of the elderly person, then the abuser will begin to get away with the

Application of GIS Technology in Electrical Distribution

Application of GIS Technology in Electrical Distribution ABSTRACT Electric utilities have a need to keep a comprehensive and accurate inventory of their physical assets, both as a part of normal service provision (extending the network, undertaking maintenance, etc.) and as a part of their obligation to inform third parties about their facilities. Complexity of electrical distribution power system is a good reason for introducing new information technology GIS (Geographic Information System) that carries out complex power system analyses (e.g., fault analysis, optimization of networks, load forecasting) in acceptable amount of time. By using modern GIS, in conjunction with his own in-house developed software, in less time and more accurately, the utility engineer is able to design and to analyze electrical distribution network. This paper presents the idea of the project CADDiN © (Computer Aided Design of Distribution Network) currently under development at the Power Systems Department of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Zagr eb. INTRODUCTION Importance of Distribution Network in Energy Supply One of the primary contribution to the advancements and improvements in mans life-style over the years has been the ability to use and control energy. Mans use of energy can be seen in everyday operations such as mechanical motion and the production of heat and light. Large amounts of power are generated at power plants and sent to a network of high-voltage (400, 220 or 110 kV) transmission lines. These transmission lines supply power to medium voltage (e.g. 10 or 20 kV) distribution networks (distribution primary system), which supply power to still lower voltage (0.4 kV) distribution networks (distribution secondary system). Both distribution network lines supply power to customers directly. Thus, the total network is a complex grid of interconnected lines. This network has the function of transmitting power from the points of generation to the points of consumption. The distribution system is particularly important to an electrical utility for two reasons: its proximity to the ultimate customer and its high investment cost. The objective of distribution system planning is to ensure that the growing demand for electricity, with growing rates and high load densities, can be satisfied in an optimum way, mainly to achieve minimum of total cost of the distribution system expansion. Therefore, the distribution system planner partitions the total distribution system planning problem into a set of subproblems that can be handled by using available, usually heuristic methods and techniques [T.Gonen, 1986]. The design of electrical distribution networks is an everyday task for electric utility engineers, specially in RD department. Such design was carried out few years ago manually. This classical approach usually result in overdesign distribution system, which is now considered as a waste of capacity that can be used instead of investing in system expansion. Four years ago a PC program package (CADDiN ©) for optimal planning of distribution network was put in operation in Elektra Zagreb (Electric Utility of City of Zagreb). It is a result of joint RD of Power System Department of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Elektra Zagreb. Based on the experience or PC-CADDiN ©, at the end or 1992. the prototype of new project CADDiN © was started conceptually organized as a part of the Geographic Information System. The role of GIS in Distribution Networks Database plays a central role in the operation of planning, where analysis programs form a part of the system supported by a database management system which stores, retrieves, and modifies various data on the distribution systems. The thing that distinguishes an electrical utility information system from an other information system such as those used in banking, stock control, or payroll systems is needed to record geographical information in the database. Electrical utility companies need two types of geographical information: details on the location of facilities, and information on the spatial interrelations between them. The integration of geographically referenced database, analytical tools and in-house developed software tools will allow the system to be designed more economically and to be operated much closer to its limits resulting in more efficient, low-cost power distribution systems. Additional benefits such as improved material management, inventory control, preventiv e maintenance and system performance can be accomplished in a systematic and cost-effective manner (Z.Sumic, et al, 1993). Before graphical workstations were developed, many electric utilities have built technical information systems based on relational database management systems (E.Jorum, et al, 1993.). Technical information system is designed to cover the requirements of power supply utilities considering network expansion and operation planning, maintenance management and system documentation. In advanced utilities all information systems are built around same RDBMS and constantly updated. Establishing links between these information systems and geographical information system is only in defining relationship between objects in the two systems. The problem that has risen is in a number of different information systems in the same utility (technical information system, customer information system, etc.) or even several overlapping technical information systems and some of these a re not updated. Objective The objective of the distribution network design process can be divided into three independent parts. These parts are: Load forecasting load growth of the geographical area served by substation; determination of load magnitude and its geographic location; customer load characteristics; Design of secondary system (low voltage distribution network) optimal substation allocation and transformer sizing; secondary circuitry routing and sizing; Design of primary system (medium voltage distribution network) optimal substation allocation; primary circuitry routing and sizing; To reduce a problem complexity each part of the design process is divided in functional subproblems. Each of these subproblems can be then much easier to manage. Although only independent some parts of design process interact, i.e. placement of substation will influence secondary routing which in turn will influence primary routing. The number of possible design solutions that might satisfy a given set of spatial, technical and economic constraints is quite numerous. Multiple, interdependent goals and constraints make conventional procedural optimization methods inappropriate for distribution network design. Due to the complexity of the design process, heuristic methods and AI techniques must be applied to find near optimal [S.Krajcar, 1988] or satisfying solutions [Z.Sumic, 1993]. The main reason for this simplification is regarding work-force and computer time for finding optimal solution that in high percentage could not be applicable in real situation. [End Page 1858] GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM OF PROJECT CADDIN Pilot-project CADDiN was started at the beginning of 1993 as a research project inside the main research project Research and Development of Electric Power System supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia. The development of optimization and design procedures of electric distribution network is a parallel process with building database by Cadastral Office of the City of Zagreb, and therefore some other available examples of basic map databases are used for research purposes (see Figure 1). The strategy employed emphasized only the data composed of basic map databases for technical applications (scales of 1:500 to 1:5000). There is no unique definition for Geographic Information System (GIS) but a commonly accepted one is that it is a system with computer hardware and software functions for the spatial data input, storage, analysis, and output [T. Bernhardsen 1992]. Many textbook definitions go further and identify analysis as the one activity which differentiates GIS from other computer-based systems for handling geographic data, such as automated cartography. Modern GIS, stores information on the geometry, attributes and topology of geographic features in one relational database management system. SYSTEM 9 used in the pilot-project CADDiN is a feature-oriented GIS which organizes geography-related information into a topology-structured, object-oriented, relational database system. A project is the highest level of data organization of GIS used in CADDiN [Computervision, 1992]. It represents the entire database that has been set up for a particular geographic area for example, a town, a municipality, or a service district. It comprises two components: a data store that contains all the geographic and attribute data relating to features; and a database definition that specifies the structure of the project through feature classes and themes. Theme definition determines which features and attributes are to be used and the ways in which are to be displayed. Independently stored geometry of a feature, and its graphic representation enables position and representational data to be changed without reference to each other. The link between the geometry and the representation is provided by the theme. It comprises a list of feature classes, feature class attributes, and a link to a separate list of graphic transforms. An important safety aspect of used GIS is that it does not allow users to make changes to the database at project level. A user may only query it. The database is created and updated by means of the next lower level of data structure: the partition. This is a copied, working subset, or portion of a project. It is at this level that a user interacts with the system to enter, edit, update and manipulate data. Partitions are extracted from a project based on the type of work to be done and the data that will be required to perform that work. When editing is completed, the partition is merged into the project database, effecting the update. Partitions are created by means of a partition definition that describes the spatial extent, the contents, and the representation. The system uses the partition definition to extract the required geometric and attribute data and then allocates them into the required partition. The merit of the partition structure is that it allows different department s within an organization to work safely on the data from the same project. All geometric features in the data model are built up from geometric primitives, referred to as nodes, lines, surfaces and spaghetti. A node is stored as a set of X, Y, and optionally Z coordinates in 3D database, and might be used to represent e.g. transformers, switchgears, MV LV buses, etc. A line primitive is a geometric element defined by two end-nodes (allowing intermediate points), and might be used to describe transmission lines, cables, etc. A surface consists of one or more line segments that together form a closed polygon. A forest, lakes, parks, a portion of network, or area covered by a lot of buildings could be described by this kind of polygon. Spaghetti enables to model features where no topological structure is required. Nodes are the only geometric primitives that have coordinate information directly associated with them. Lines are not defined in terms of geographic coordinates, but by pointers to their topological nodes. Surfaces are defined by pointers to the lin es surrounding the surface. All these pointers are created and maintained automatically. Geographic objects are stored as collections of nodes, lines, surfaces or spaghetti, but they can be referred to as geometric primitives as well as some group of objects which can be identified and named in the real world roads. cables, transformers, buildings, and so on. These categories are represented by `feature classes, and the individual instances of geographic objects as `features. Such features at last consist of one or more geometric primitives. All features within a particular feature class will have the same topological structure, and the same set of attributes. Feature classes could be also identified as objects in groupings of related objects that may be established on the basis of location, spatial relationships or common attributes. These logical groupings of features are called complex features. They are defined as features that contain other features. All complex features of particular type, comprise a complex feature class. A useful application of complex feature classification would be in forming logical groupings such as MV bus, transformer, LV bus, protection devices into substation. Complex features can also have attributes associated with them (for example name, number). It would eliminate duplicating of feature attributes which properly relate to the substation. Definition of complex feature is not restricted to include only simple features as constituent components. For example, distribution network could be defined as a complex feature containing a number of substations, cables, which are themselves complex features. A strength of this approach is that it can be used to minimize the level of data redundancy of both attribute and geometric information. Users interact with the database via an object handler, and they are assisted in that interaction by a structured query language that incorporates extended spatial and reference operators. Behind analytical tools available inside GIS environment, a set of standalone functions is available from UNIX shell. This set of functions is called Application Tool Box (ATB). ATB offers an environment in which data can be managed directly, without first having to extract meaning from map representations of those data. Under this approach a user can develop analytical models according to specific requirements by integration of ATB functions, in-house developed software (C and FORTRAN programs) and shell programming. To speed up complex analysis by Development Libraries of ATB new processing functions of ATB could be developed. Applications of project CADDiN are developing by ATB functions in conjunction with C and Corn shell programs. ATB data management and viewing comprise processing functions, dataflow management and graphics viewing system. Processing functions perform the actual analysis operations on sets of data called data flows, each of which corresponds to a relational table in the database. All manipulation of data flows takes place in a special temporary work area called a clipboard. Processing functions involve the following operations: information management (i.e. selecting information from database and placing it into a dataflow, communicating with external software packages), attribute processing (i.e. generating values for attributes based on classification rules or formula), geometry processing (spatial functions union, adjacent, etc.) and arithmetic processing (i.e. calculating the area of surface entities, or length of linear entities). Dataflow management is used to create, display and delete data flows and views. Graphic viewing system allows user to see the intermediate or final results and generate a plot of those results. Compatible to ATB functions are standalone functions of Network Trace Analysis module. By those functions network tracing can be carried out using the information on network connectivity and component characteristics that are already stored in database. Special function is used for network generation that is stored as dataflow on the clipboard. On this dataflow several networks tracing functions can be performed (path optimization, range finding, path finding) or can be used by external software. As a result of that analysis a dataflow is produced on the clipboard. Original and resultant networks can be queried simultaneously. The user can keep or delete resulting data flow on the clipboard or retrieved in database. OPTIMIZATION OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IN GIS Optimal Location of TS x/0.4 kV in Secondary Distribution Network The procedure for finding optimal configuration of secondary system consists of two possible optimization steps: optimization of new area secondary system and optimal connection of the particular customer(s) to existing secondary system. Regarding urbanistic plans, ecological and esthetic constraints as well as previous load growth analyses possible locations of substations are known in advance. These assumptions make planning of secondary system more simple because only routing process must be applied for several locations of substations and fixed locations of customers. The first step of routing process begins by connecting customer to the nearest routing corridor. After that procedure, the secondary system network is generated by network module. On this network any path analysis is applied and as results of analysis there are all possible connections between substation and customers. These results are used as input for external, CADDiN module of optimization of radial structured networks. During this process of optimization the set of rules is used to satisfy standard practices employed by designers. The optimized network is then saved on clipboard in dataflow and can be graphically viewed. The cost for the secondary system is mainly the capital investment cost consisting of cable laying cost and cost of cables. For each location of substation optimization process must be repeated. Solution with minimal investment costs and satisfactory technical constraints is the best regarding secondary network. All solutions that are technically satisfied must be taken into account during the primary network optimization. It is necessary because the local optimum of secondary system does not imply the optimum of primary system, and global optimum of distribution network. The optimal connection of the particular customer to existing secondary system must fulfill next two technical as well as economical constraints: the shortest possible length of connection due to voltage drop that may be permitted; reserve in load capacity of substation due to customer load. The new customer must be connected to the nearest neighbor customer satisfying previously mentioned constraints. The few nearest customers are found in a buffer zone with new customer as a center of this zone. The shortest path between new customer and possible connection node is found in two steps: both nodes are connected to the nearest routing corridor, and after that by GIS network function find best path analysis shortest path between nodes is found. Optimal Structuring of Predefined Primary Distribution Network Configuration Due to the load characteristics, requested availability and quality of energy supply two main configurations of secondary system are used in optimal planning There is a ring structure (starting and ending node is the same HV/MV substation and routing nodes are MV/LV substations) and a link structure (starting node is one HV/MV substation routing nodes are MV/LV substations and ending node is other HV/MV substation). Regarding the usage of GIS technology the optimization procedure of these two network configurations is very similar. In optimization process three different problems are considered: optimization of the new primary system; reconfiguration of the existing primary system regarding predefined structure, and reinforcement of the existing primary system with defined structure by installing additional capacity in demand nodes or including the new MV/LV substation in the network. The first problem is similar to the problems in optimization of secondary system. There must be known all possible connections and distances between HV/LV substation (source node) and MV/LV substations (demand nodes) as well as themselves. Therefore, all network nodes must be connected to the nearest routing corridor. By any path analysis and heuristic algorithms (presently genetic algorithms are tested) initial solution or zero-iteration is generated. After that by the union of GIS network function find best path analysis and other heuristic methods optimal solution is found. The second problem is more complicated than the first one because existing connections in network must be considered in optimization procedure. Otherwise, same procedures are used as in the first problem. Example of this optimization procedure can be shown in the Figure 3. In the third problem, optimization procedure is similar to the procedure of adding the new customer to the second system. Slight differences are in a way of connecting new substation to the existing network. In the primary system, regarding the constraint of reliability of supply of energy to the customer, each MV/LV substation must have a possibility to be supplied from two sides. Therefore, the nearest existing cable between two substations must be found for the connection of the new station, or the nearest routing corridor by which the new station could be connected to the nearest substations that are found in a buffer zone around it. When a better type of connection is found, solution is tested on several technical constraints (voltage drop, cable and route load, investment costs, etc.). Load forecasting of TS x/0.4 kV Small area or spatial, forecasting is the prediction of both the amounts and locations of future electric load growth in a manner suitable for distribution planning which really means with geographic resolution adequate for planning a new distribution network or extensions to the existing one. The procedure is based on dividing a utility service area into a number of sufficiently small areas and projecting the future load in each one. This is usually accomplished by dividing a utility service area into either a grid of uniformly sized rectangular cells, or into equipment oriented areas corresponding to feeder or substation areas (H.L. Willis, 1983,1992). Methods for computerized small area load forecasting, regarding their data requirements and analysis methods, fall into three categories: trending multivariate (multivariable) simulation. Essentially these methods analyze past and present load growth to identify trends, patterns, or information about the process of load growth that is then used to project future load growth. Trending methods require minimal data (they work only with historical load data, usually annual peak load) and computer resources, and are relatively straightforward in use. Because of their simplicity and generally the lowest expenses, they were the most widely used techniques in the past. Multivariate methods require considerably more data (historical loads, geographic and demographic data on customers and usage) and much more extensive computer resources, but in return they generally provide more accurate forecasts. Simulation methods in addition to historical loads require extensive and comprehensive data that include land use type, geographic and demographic data on a small area basis, transportation and other diverse factors that may affect load growth. They also require considerable computer resources and work-force. On the other hand they offer advantages in accuracy and analysis of load growth under changing conditions. Because of their complexity and requirements simulation models have been beyond the scope of many electric utilities. So far one can see that the nature of small area forecasting requires heavy use of computerized analyses and manipulation of large quantity of data. With its possibilities GIS is an excellent mean for developing and applying simulation forecast models. Of course, there is no limitation to use GIS for trending methods, at least for some very fast qualitative review, or for short range (less than five years ahead) predictions. A service zone of a substation may be defined as a complex feature which comprises parcels, buildings on those parcels, electrical connections for every building or customer, existing interconnections between customers hookups and associated substation etc. Parcels, buildings and streets are modeled as polygons, and cadastral lot code is attached to them as one of the attributes. Statistical and census districts based on approximately equal number of inhabitants and cadastral districts are polygons, too. Second very important information is address, modeled as complex feature class comprising a street name and number. Polygonal analysis and polygon processing, which is possible in GIS, and address as a common link enables the planner to determine a substation service zone and calculate its area. Via features attributes all necessary customers data (annual electricity consumption, annual peak loads, type of customers, some special requests and interfering factors, etc.) are obtainable . In that way it is possible to track amounts and sort of energy used by individual customer, or substation service area or some other region. Upon these information load densities (kWh/m ²) or kWh sales per customer can be computed. Procedure with built-in clustering algorithm detects groups (classes, clusters) of customers with similar past energy consumption behavior. For distribution load forecasting K-means algorithm [Hartigan, 1986] is recommended, with a minimum of 6-year load history [H.L. Willis, 1983]. The K-means algorithm searches for a partition, that is, a set of clusters that minimizes the total difference between small areas and their assigned clusters (the error of the partition). It works by moving small areas from one cluster to another. The search ends when no such movements of small areas reduce the error value. CONCLUSION This paper presents the concept of the pilot project CADDiN for optimization of electric distribution networks based on GIS technology. The architecture of CADDiN consists of the heuristic methods implemented within GIS and procedural programs. In such a hybrid environment, the GIS principal task is to model real world, perform spatial analyses and ensure the high accuracy of optimization procedures. The first results obtained by the prototype database and developed procedures encourage that concepts and ideas established in this paper can be applied on the real problems that exist in the distribution system planning.